Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: chronic diseases and aging

Archives of Toxicology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 97(10), С. 2499 - 2574

Опубликована: Авг. 19, 2023

Abstract A physiological level of oxygen/nitrogen free radicals and non-radical reactive species (collectively known as ROS/RNS) is termed oxidative eustress or “good stress” characterized by low to mild levels oxidants involved in the regulation various biochemical transformations such carboxylation, hydroxylation, peroxidation, modulation signal transduction pathways Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related 2 (Nrf2) other processes. Increased ROS/RNS, generated from both endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH oxidases) and/or exogenous sources (radiation, certain drugs, foods, cigarette smoking, pollution) result a harmful condition stress (“bad stress”). Although it widely accepted, that many chronic diseases are multifactorial origin, they share common denominator. Here we review importance mechanisms through which contributes pathological states an organism. Attention focused on chemistry ROS RNS (e.g. superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, peroxyl nitric oxide, peroxynitrite), their role damage DNA, proteins, membrane lipids. Quantitative qualitative assessment biomarkers also discussed. Oxidative pathology cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurological disorders (Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s Down syndrome), psychiatric (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), renal disease, lung disease (chronic pulmonary obstruction, cancer), aging. The concerted action antioxidants ameliorate effect achieved antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutases-SODs, catalase, glutathione peroxidase-GPx), small molecular weight (vitamins C E, flavonoids, carotenoids, melatonin, ergothioneine, others). Perhaps one most effective vitamin first line defense against peroxidation promising approach appears be use flavonoids), showing weak prooxidant properties may boost cellular systems thus act preventive anticancer agents. Redox metal-based enzyme mimetic compounds potential pharmaceutical interventions sirtuins therapeutic targets for age-related anti-aging strategies

Язык: Английский

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Naringenin: A potential flavonoid phytochemical for cancer therapy

Life Sciences, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 305, С. 120752 - 120752

Опубликована: Июнь 29, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Therapeutic Potential of Luteolin on Cancer

Vaccines, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 11(3), С. 554 - 554

Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2023

Cancer is a global concern, as the rate of incidence increasing each year. The challenges related to current chemotherapy drugs, such concerns toxicity, turn cancer therapeutic research discover alternative therapy strategies that are less toxic normal cells. Among those studies, use flavonoids—natural compounds produced by plants secondary metabolites for therapy—has been hot topic in treatment. Luteolin, flavonoid has present many fruits, vegetables, and herbs, identified exhibit numerous biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer properties. property Luteolin extensively researched types its ability inhibit tumor growth targeting cellular processes apoptosis, angiogenesis, migration, cell cycle progression. It achieves this interacting with various signaling pathways proteins. In review, molecular targets it exerts properties, combination includes other flavonoids or chemotherapeutic nanodelivery described several types.

Язык: Английский

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Flavonoids as Promising Natural Compounds in the Prevention and Treatment of Selected Skin Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 24(7), С. 6324 - 6324

Опубликована: Март 28, 2023

Phytochemicals represent a large and diverse group of naturally occurring compounds, bioactive nutrients, or phytonutrients produced by plants, widely found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains products, legumes, beans, herbs, seeds, nuts, tea, dark chocolate. They are classified according to their chemical structures functional properties. Flavonoids belong the phenolic class phytochemicals with potential solid pharmacological effects as modulators multiple signal transduction pathways. Their beneficial effect on human body is associated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic also used various nutritional, pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic applications. In our review, we discuss positive flavonoids chronic skin diseases such vitiligo, psoriasis, acne, atopic dermatitis.

Язык: Английский

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Biochemical and cellular basis of oxidative stress: Implications for disease onset

Journal of Cellular Physiology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 238(9), С. 1951 - 1963

Опубликована: Июль 12, 2023

Abstract Cellular oxidation–reduction (redox) systems, which encompass pro‐ and antioxidant molecules, are integral components of a plethora essential cellular processes. Any dysregulation these systems can cause molecular imbalances between the moieties, leading to state oxidative stress. Long‐lasting stress manifest clinically as variety chronic illnesses including cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disease, metabolic diseases like diabetes. As such, this review investigates impact on human body with emphasis underlying oxidants, mechanisms, pathways. It also discusses available defense mechanisms. The monitoring regulatory that ensure balanced environment detailed. We critically discuss notion oxidants double‐edged sword, being signaling messengers at low physiological concentrations but causative agents when overproduced. In regard, presents strategies employed by redox activation transcriptional programs such those mediated Nrf2/Keap1 NFk signaling. Likewise, switches peroxiredoxin DJ‐1 proteins they regulate presented. concludes thorough comprehension is develop evolving field medicine.

Язык: Английский

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Flavonoids: Antioxidant Powerhouses and Their Role in Nanomedicine

Antioxidants, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(8), С. 922 - 922

Опубликована: Июль 29, 2024

This study emphasizes the critical role of antioxidants in protecting human health by counteracting detrimental effects oxidative stress induced free radicals. Antioxidants-found various forms such as vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals abundant fruits vegetables-neutralize radicals stabilizing them through electron donation. Specifically, flavonoid compounds are highlighted robust defenders, addressing inflammation to avert chronic illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases. research explores bioactive potential flavonoids, shedding light on their not only safeguarding health, but also managing conditions diabetes, review highlights novel integration South African-origin flavonoids with nanotechnology, presenting a cutting-edge strategy improve drug delivery therapeutic outcomes. interdisciplinary approach, blending traditional wisdom contemporary techniques, propels exploration flavonoid-mediated nanoparticles toward groundbreaking pharmaceutical applications, promising revolutionary advancements healthcare. collaborative synergy between knowledge modern science contributes underscores significant step sustainable impactful biomedical innovations, aligning principles environmental conservation.

Язык: Английский

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Molecular Mechanism of Natural Food Antioxidants to Regulate ROS in Treating Cancer: A Review

Antioxidants, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(2), С. 207 - 207

Опубликована: Фев. 6, 2024

Cancer is the second-highest mortality rate disease worldwide, and it has been estimated that cancer will increase by up to 20 million cases yearly 2030. There are various options of treatment for cancer, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy. All these have damaging adverse effects can reduce patient’s quality life. itself arises from a series mutations in normal cells generate ability divide uncontrollably. This cell mutation happen as result DNA damage induced high concentration ROS cells. High levels reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative stress, which initiate proliferation. On other hand, cytotoxic effect elevated be utilized anticancer therapy. Some bioactive compounds natural foods such fruit, vegetables, herbs, honey, many more identified promising source antioxidants prevent stress regulating level body. In this review, we highlighted discussed benefits antioxidant regulate through pathways.

Язык: Английский

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Current insights and future perspectives of flavonoids: A promising antihypertensive approach

Phytotherapy Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 38(6), С. 3146 - 3168

Опубликована: Апрель 14, 2024

Abstract Hypertension, or high blood pressure (BP), is a complex disease influenced by various risk factors. It characterized persistent elevation of BP levels, typically exceeding 140/90 mmHg. Endothelial dysfunction and reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability play crucial roles in hypertension development. L‐NG‐nitro arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME), an analog L‐arginine, inhibits endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) enzymes, leading to decreased production increased BP. Animal models exposed L‐NAME manifest hypertension, making it useful design for studying the condition. Natural products have gained interest as alternative approaches managing hypertension. Flavonoids, abundant fruits, vegetables, other plant sources, potential cardiovascular benefits, including antihypertensive effects. Flavonoids been extensively studied cell cultures, animal models, and, lesser extent, human trials evaluate their effectiveness against L‐NAME‐induced This comprehensive review summarizes activity specific flavonoids, quercetin, luteolin, rutin, troxerutin, apigenin, chrysin, models. possess antioxidant properties that mitigate oxidative stress, major contributor They enhance function promoting bioavailability, vasodilation, preservation vascular homeostasis. also modulate vasoactive factors involved regulation, such angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) endothelin‐1. Moreover, they exhibit anti‐inflammatory effects, attenuating inflammation‐mediated provides compelling evidence flavonoids Their multifaceted mechanisms action suggest ability target multiple pathways Nonetheless, reviewed studies contribute supporting prevention treatment. In conclusion, represent promising class natural compounds combating serves valuable resource summarizing current knowledge on effects facilitating further investigation guiding development novel therapeutic strategies management.

Язык: Английский

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Botanical Flavonoids: Efficacy, Absorption, Metabolism and Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology for Improving Bioavailability

Molecules, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 30(5), С. 1184 - 1184

Опубликована: Март 6, 2025

Flavonoids represent a class of natural plant secondary metabolites with multiple activities including antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. However, due to their structural characteristics, they often exhibit low bioavailability in vivo. In this review, we focus on the vivo study flavonoids, particularly effects gut microbiome common modifications such as methylation, acetylation, dehydroxylation, etc. These aim change characteristics original substances enhance absorption bioavailability. order improve discuss two feasible methods, namely dosage form modification chemical modification, hope that these approaches will offer new insights into application flavonoids for human health. article, also introduce types, sources, efficacy flavonoids. conclusion, is comprehensive review how

Язык: Английский

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Biflavonoids: Important Contributions to the Health Benefits of Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.)

Plants, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 11(10), С. 1381 - 1381

Опубликована: Май 23, 2022

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) is one of the most distinctive plants, characterized by excellent resistance to various environmental conditions. It used as an ornamental plant and recognized a medicinal in both traditional Western medicine. Its bioactive potential associated with presence flavonoids terpene trilactones, but many other compounds may also have synergistic effects. Flavonoid dimers—biflavonoids—are important constituents ginkgophytopharmaceuticals. Currently, 13 biflavonoids has been reported ginkgo, which amentoflavone, bilobetin, sciadopitysin, ginkgetin isoginkgetin are common. Their role plants remains unknown, their bioactivity management human health better investigated. In this review, we provided overview chemistry, diversity biological factors that influence well health-related properties. We focused on antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal anti-inflammatory activities treatment cardiovascular, metabolic neurodegenerative diseases. highlighted toxicity pointed out further research directions.

Язык: Английский

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