Antimicrobial peptides do not directly contribute to aging in Drosophila, but improve lifespan by preventing dysbiosis

Disease Models & Mechanisms, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 16(4)

Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2023

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are innate immune effectors first studied for their role in host defence. Recent studies have implicated these the clearance of aberrant cells and neurodegenerative syndromes. In Drosophila, many AMPs produced downstream Toll Imd NF-κB pathways upon infection. Upon aging, upregulated, drawing attention to molecules as possible causes age-associated inflammatory diseases. However, functional overexpressing or silencing genes been inconclusive. Using an isogenic set AMP gene deletions, we investigated net impact on aging. Overall, found no major effect individual lifespan, with exception Defensin. ΔAMP14 flies lacking seven families displayed reduced lifespan. Increased bacterial load food aged suggested that lifespan reduction was due microbiome dysbiosis, consistent a previous study. Moreover, germ-free conditions extended flies. our results did not point overt Instead, collectively by preventing dysbiosis during

Язык: Английский

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The conceptual foundations of innate immunity: Taking stock 30 years later

Immunity, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 57(4), С. 613 - 631

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2024

SummaryWhile largely neglected over decades during which adaptive immunity captured most of the attention, innate immune mechanisms have now become central to our understanding immunology. Innate provides first barrier infection in vertebrates, and it is sole mechanism host defense invertebrates plants. also plays a critical role maintaining homeostasis, shaping microbiota, disease contexts such as cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic syndromes, aging. The emergence field has led an expanded view system, no longer restricted vertebrates instead concerns all metazoans, plants, even prokaryotes. study given rise new concepts language. Here, we review history definition core immunity, discussing their value fruitfulness long run.

Язык: Английский

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The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 23(23), С. 15132 - 15132

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2022

Over a long period of evolution, insects have developed unique intestinal defenses against invasion by foreign microorganisms, including physical and immune responses. The the insect gut consist mainly peritrophic matrix (PM) mucus layer, which are first barriers to pathogens. Gut microbes also prevent colonization Importantly, immune-deficiency (Imd) pathways produce antimicrobial peptides eliminate pathogens; mechanisms related reactive oxygen species another important pathway for immunity. janus kinase/STAT signaling is involved in immunity producing bactericidal substances regulating tissue repair. Melanization can many active into intestine; meanwhile, there multiple responses intestine fight viral parasitic infections. Furthermore, stem cells (ISCs) indispensable Only coordinated combination defense system renewal effectively defend pathogenic microorganisms.

Язык: Английский

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Modulation of immunity by tryptophan microbial metabolites

Frontiers in Nutrition, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 10

Опубликована: Июнь 21, 2023

Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid that can be metabolized via endogenous and exogenous pathways, including the Kynurenine Pathway, 5-Hydroxyindole Pathway (also Serotonin pathway), Microbial pathway. Of these, Trp metabolic pathways in gut have recently been extensively studied for their production of bioactive molecules. The microbiota plays important role host metabolism immunity, microbial metabolites influence development progression various diseases, inflammatory, cardiovascular neurological cancer, by mediating body’s immunity. This review briefly outlines crosstalk between microorganisms body, starting from three Trp. mechanisms which act on organism immunity are summarized, potential implications disease prevention treatment highlighted.

Язык: Английский

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In Pursuit of Understanding the Rumen Microbiome

Fermentation, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 9(2), С. 114 - 114

Опубликована: Янв. 25, 2023

The rumen plays an indispensable role in ruminants to utilize ligno-cellulosic material and convert non-protein nitrogen into nutrients otherwise unavailable for human consumption. Recent advancements the sequencing technology omics approach have provided profound insights world, wherein a consortium of archaea, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, viruses exist interact. These ruminal microbes alter environment execute several interlinked metabolic cascades that produce substrates host’s energy body requirements. Methane is emitted as by-product during this complex fermentation process leading loss productivity while negatively impacting environment. As play ever-increasing our food supply chain, manipulating critical step towards maximizing ruminant product’s nutritional value reducing its carbon footprint. Diet most straightforward way microbiome, possibly conjunction with phytobiotics probiotics feed supplements. Early life interventions allow manipulation microbial population structure function could persist later on adult life. It has also been proven host exerts influence microbiome heritable trait. goal review provide better understanding rumen, key organisms, development identify, characterize, engineer efficient conversion methane reduction.

Язык: Английский

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Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 Relieving Intestinal Inflammation by Modulating Intestinal Stem Cells Proliferation and Differentiation via AhR/STAT3 Pathway in LPS-Challenged Piglets

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 72(12), С. 6096 - 6109

Опубликована: Март 14, 2024

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a well-accepted probiotic, with many benefits for both humans and animals. The ability of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) to develop into several epithelial cell types helps accelerate regeneration. Limited knowledge exists on how bacteria regulated ISCs proliferation Our study investigated the effects supplementation ISC regeneration mucosal barrier functions in piglets exposed lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Eighteen (male, 21 days old) were randomly split 3 clusters: CON cluster, LPS SC06+LPS cluster. On day 21, 100 μg/kg body weight was intraperitoneally administered groups. We found SC06 maintained integrity, enhanced antioxidant capacity, reduced generation inflammatory response, suppressed enterocyte apoptosis against deleterious triggered by LPS. In addition, our research indicated that not only improved regeneration, but also resulted upregulation aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) LPS-challenge piglets. Further studies showed induced differentiation toward goblet inhibited their absorptive enterocytes. coculture system ileum organoids revealed increased growth repaired LPS-induced organoid damage through activating AhR/STAT3 signaling pathway. These findings SC06, possibly pathway, accelerated promoted healing, providing potential clinical treatment IBD. demonstrated effective preventing after pathological injury, restoring homeostasis, maintaining

Язык: Английский

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The midgut epithelium of mosquitoes adjusts cell proliferation and endoreplication to respond to physiological challenges

BMC Biology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 22(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 29, 2024

Abstract Background Hematophagous mosquitoes transmit many pathogens that cause human diseases. Pathogen acquisition and transmission occur when female blood feed to acquire nutrients for reproduction. The midgut epithelium of serves as the point entry transmissible viruses parasites. Results We studied epithelial dynamics in five major mosquito vector species by quantifying PH3-positive cells (indicative mitotic proliferation), incorporation nucleotide analogs DNA synthesis accompanying proliferation and/or endoreplication), ploidy (by flow cytometry) cell populations posterior adult females. Our results show post-emergence maturation mature sugar-fed guts were similar members Aedes , Culex Anopheles genera. In first three days post-emergence, ~ 20% region interest incorporated analogs, concurrent with both proliferative activity a broad shift toward higher ploidy. maintained on sugar, an average 3.5% from eight consistent presence indicating constant turnover. Oral bacterial infection triggered sharp increase mitosis analog incorporation, suggesting undergoes accelerated cellular turnover response damage. Finally, feeding resulted proliferation, but nature intensity varied source (human, bovine, avian or artificial). An. gambiae enterocytes appeared reenter cycle after consuming all sources except avian. Conclusions saw differentiation, endoreplication reshape blood-fed gut ploidy, possibly facilitate increased metabolic activity. highlight plasticity mosquitoes’ physiological responses distinct challenges. Graphical

Язык: Английский

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Recent trends in insect gut immunity

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14

Опубликована: Дек. 18, 2023

The gut is a crucial organ in insect defense against various pathogens and harmful substances their environment diet. Distinct compartments possess unique functionalities contributing to physiological processes, including immunity. gut’s cellular composition vital for humoral peritrophic membrane, mucus layer, lumen, microvilli, cells provide essential support activating regulating immune mechanisms. These components also secrete molecules enzymes that are imperative activities. Additionally, the microbiota initiates signaling pathways produces vitamins minerals help maintain homeostasis. activated within when insects ingest or hazardous materials. pathway induced depends on infection pathogen type; include deficiency (imd), Toll, JAK/STAT, Duox-ROS, JNK/FOXO regulatory pathways. produce different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) Furthermore, mechanisms regulate recovery following infection. Although some questions regarding immunity species require additional study, this review provides insights into structure composition, commensal microorganism roles Drosophila melanogaster Tenebrio molitor life cycles, involved systems, post-infection through

Язык: Английский

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Cross-talk and mutual shaping between the immune system and the microbiota during an oyster's life

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 379(1901)

Опубликована: Март 18, 2024

The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas lives in microbe-rich marine coastal systems subjected to rapid environmental changes. It harbours a diversified and fluctuating microbiota that cohabits with immune cells expressing gene repertoire. In the early stages of development, just after fertilization, plays key role educating system. Exposure rich microbial environment at larval stage leads an increase competence throughout life oyster, conferring better protection against pathogenic infections later juvenile/adult stages. This beneficial effect, which is intergenerational, associated epigenetic remodelling. At juvenile stages, educated system participates control homeostasis. particular, fine-tuned by antimicrobial peptides acting through specific synergistic effects. However, this balance fragile, as illustrated Oyster Mortality Syndrome, disease causing mass mortalities oysters worldwide. disease, weakening defences OsHV-1 µVar virus induces dysbiosis leading fatal sepsis. review illustrates continuous interaction between highly its dynamic life, importance cross-talk for health. article part theme issue ‘Sculpting microbiome: how host factors determine respond colonization’.

Язык: Английский

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Evolution of resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms to oral bacterial infection in Drosophila melanogaster

Open Biology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15(3)

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

Pathogens exert strong selection on hosts that evolve and deploy different defensive strategies, namely minimizing pathogen exposure (avoidance), directly promoting elimination (resistance) and/or managing the deleterious effects of illness (disease tolerance). However, how host response partitions across these processes has not been tested in a single host–pathogen system, let alone context known adaptive trajectories resulting from experimental evolution. Here, we compare Drosophila melanogaster population adapted to oral infection with its natural Pseudomonas entomophila (BactOral), control find no evidence for behavioural changes but measurable differences both resistance disease tolerance. In BactOral, were detected bacterial intake or defecation, nor gut cell renewal. relative decrease loads correlates an increase gut-specific anti-microbial peptide production, pointing strengthening resistance. Additionally, posit tolerance also contributes BactOral through tighter self- pathogen-derived damage caused by bacteria exposure. This study reveals genetically complex mechanistically multi-layered response, possibly reflecting structure adaptation populations.

Язык: Английский

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