Regulation of Body Size and Growth Control

Genetics, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 216(2), С. 269 - 313

Опубликована: Окт. 1, 2020

Abstract The control of body and organ growth is essential for the development adults with proper size proportions, which important survival reproduction. In animals, adult determined by rate duration juvenile growth, are influenced environment. nutrient-scarce environments in more time needed period can be extended delaying maturation, whereas rapidly completed nutrient-rich conditions. This flexibility requires integration environmental cues developmental signals that govern internal checkpoints to ensure maturation does not begin until sufficient tissue has occurred reach a size. Target Rapamycin (TOR) pathway primary cell-autonomous nutrient sensor, while circulating hormones such as steroids insulin-like factors main systemic regulators animals. We discuss recent findings Drosophila melanogaster showing environment growth-sensing mechanisms, involving TOR other growth-regulatory pathways, converge on insulin steroid relay centers responsible adjusting development, response external addition this, also monitored coordinated whole-body timing through modulation signaling. coordination involves interorgan communication mediated peptide 8 status. Together, these multiple nutritional feed into neuroendocrine hubs controlling signaling, serving at progression toward delayed. review focuses mechanisms conditions modulate size, highlights conserved architecture this system, made prime model understanding

Язык: Английский

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Hormonal axes in Drosophila: regulation of hormone release and multiplicity of actions

Cell and Tissue Research, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 382(2), С. 233 - 266

Опубликована: Авг. 22, 2020

Hormones regulate development, as well many vital processes in the daily life of an animal. Many these hormones are peptides that act at a higher hierarchical level animal with roles organizers globally orchestrate metabolism, physiology and behavior. Peptide can on multiple peripheral targets simultaneously convey basal states, such metabolic status sleep-awake or arousal across central neuronal circuits. Thereby, they coordinate responses to changing internal external environments. The activity neurosecretory cells is controlled either by (1) cell autonomous sensors, (2) other neurons relay signals from sensors tissues (3) feedback target cells. Thus, hormonal signaling axis commonly comprises several components. In mammals vertebrates, axes known, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid reproduction respectively. It has been proposed basic organization evolutionarily old cellular homologs hypothalamic-pituitary system be found for instance insects. To obtain appreciation similarities between insect vertebrate axes, we review systems Drosophila. Our outlines major peptidergic pathways known Drosophila presents set schemes orchestrating systems. detailed larval adult displays only very those arthropods vertebrates.

Язык: Английский

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Signaling Pathways That Regulate the Crustacean Molting Gland

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 12

Опубликована: Июнь 21, 2021

A pair of Y-organs (YOs) are the molting glands decapod crustaceans. They synthesize and secrete steroid hormones (ecdysteroids) their activity is controlled by external internal signals. The YO transitions through four physiological states over molt cycle, which mediated molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH; basal state), mechanistic Target Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1; activated Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ)/Activin (committed ecdysteroid (repressed state) signaling pathways. MIH, produced in eyestalk X-organ/sinus gland complex, inhibits synthesis ecdysteroids. model for MIH organized into a cAMP/Ca

Язык: Английский

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Regulation of ecdysone production in Drosophila by neuropeptides and peptide hormones

Open Biology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 11(2)

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2021

In both mammals and insects, steroid hormones play a major role in directing the animal's progression through developmental stages. To maximize fitness outcomes, hormone production is regulated by environmental conditions experienced animal. ecdysone mediates transitions between stages response to factors such as nutrition. These signals are communicated ecdysone-producing gland via action of neuropeptide peptide signalling pathways. While some these pathways have been well characterized, there evidence suggest more than has previously thought function control production, potentially greater range conditions. Here, we review known regulate model genetic insect Drosophila melanogaster , what regarding that trigger Areas for future research highlighted can further contribute our overall understanding complex orchestration environmental, physiological cues together produce functioning adult organism.

Язык: Английский

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Female reproductive dormancy in Drosophila is regulated by DH31-producing neurons projecting into the corpus allatum

Development, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 150(10)

Опубликована: Май 15, 2023

ABSTRACT Female insects can enter reproductive diapause, a state of suspended egg development, to conserve energy under adverse environments. In many insects, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, also frequently called dormancy, is induced low-temperature and short-day conditions by downregulation juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis in corpus allatum (CA). this study, we demonstrate that neuropeptide Diuretic 31 (DH31) produced brain neurons project into CA plays an essential role regulating dormancy suppressing JH adult D. melanogaster. The expresses gene encoding DH31 receptor, which required for DH31-triggered elevation intracellular cAMP CA. Knocking down Dh31 these CA-projecting or receptor suppresses decrease titer, normally observed dormancy-inducing conditions, leading abnormal yolk accumulation ovaries. Our findings provide first molecular genetic evidence demonstrating peptidergic play biosynthesis.

Язык: Английский

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Aminergic and peptidergic modulation of insulin-producing cells in Drosophila

eLife, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 13

Опубликована: Март 10, 2025

Insulin plays a critical role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Since demands are highly dynamic, insulin release needs to be constantly adjusted. These adjustments mediated by different pathways, most prominently the blood glucose level, but also feedforward signals from motor circuits and neuromodulatory systems. Here, we analyze how inputs control activity of main source Drosophila – population insulin-producing cells (IPCs) located brain. IPCs functionally analogous mammalian pancreatic beta cells, their location makes them accessible for vivo recordings intact animals. We characterized functional using single-nucleus RNA sequencing analysis, anatomical receptor expression mapping, connectomics, an optogenetics-based ‘intrinsic pharmacology’ approach. Our results show that IPC expresses variety receptors neuromodulators classical neurotransmitters. Interestingly, exhibit heterogeneous profiles, suggesting can modulated differentially. This is supported electrophysiological IPCs, which performed while activating populations modulatory neurons. analysis revealed some have effects on activity, such they inhibit one subset exciting another. Monitoring calcium across uncovered these responses occur simultaneously. Certain shifted towards excited state, others it inhibition. Taken together, provide comprehensive, multi-level neuromodulation insulinergic system .

Язык: Английский

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Adaptation repeatedly uses complex structural genomic variation

Science, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 388(6744)

Опубликована: Апрель 17, 2025

Structural elements are widespread across genomes, but their complexity and role in repeatedly driving local adaptation remain unclear. In this work, we use phased genome assemblies to show that adaptive divergence cryptic color pattern a stick insect is underlain by structural variation, not simple chromosomal inversion. We found populations of insects on two mountains associated with translocations have also been inverted. These differ size origin each mountain, they overlap partially involve some the same gene regions. Moreover, variation subject divergent selection arose without introgression between species. Our results how provides mechanism for repeated bouts adaptation.

Язык: Английский

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Maternal GABAergic and GnRH/corazonin pathway modulates egg diapause phenotype of the silkwormBombyx mori

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 118(1)

Опубликована: Дек. 23, 2020

Significance Diapause is a common response to seasonal changes in environmental conditions found many species of insects, as well other animals, but we do not yet fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this important physiological switch. Although there has been previous research on diapause, remain questions regarding diapause determination signals. Our highlighted presence GABAergic and corazonin signaling system that induces progeny through hormone release. findings also indicate expression plasma membrane GABA transporter temperature-dependent may modulate provide insights into these silkworms will an reference for future research.

Язык: Английский

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A neuroendocrine pathway modulating osmotic stress in Drosophila

PLoS Genetics, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 17(3), С. e1009425 - e1009425

Опубликована: Март 8, 2021

Environmental factors challenge the physiological homeostasis in animals, thereby evoking stress responses. Various mechanisms have evolved to counter at organism level, including regulation by neuropeptides. In recent years, much progress has been made on and neuropeptides that regulate responses metabolic/nutritional stress, as well those involved countering osmotic ionic stresses. Here, we identified a peptidergic pathway links these types of regulatory functions. We uncover neuropeptide Corazonin (Crz), previously implicated metabolic neuroendocrine factor inhibits release diuretic hormone, CAPA, modulates tolerance stress. Both knockdown Crz acute injections peptide impact desiccation recovery from chill-coma. Mapping receptor ( CrzR ) expression three pairs Capa- expressing neurons (Va neurons) ventral nerve cord mediate effects Crz. show acts restore water/ion inhibiting CAPA via inhibition cAMP production Va neurons. Knockdown affects signaling, consequently increases for desiccation, starvation, but delays chill-coma recovery. Optogenetic activation stimulates excretion simultaneous CAPA-expressing reduces this response, supporting inhibitory action Thus, maintain homeostasis, which turn tolerance. Earlier work demonstrated systemic signaling restores nutrient levels promoting food search feeding. Here additionally propose also ensures suppressing diuresis. ameliorates stress-associated physiology through modulation both neurosecretory cells fat body Drosophila .

Язык: Английский

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Unveiling the sensory and interneuronal pathways of the neuroendocrine connectome in Drosophila

eLife, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 10

Опубликована: Июнь 2, 2021

Neuroendocrine systems in animals maintain organismal homeostasis and regulate stress response. Although a great deal of work has been done on the neuropeptides hormones that are released act target organs periphery, synaptic inputs onto these neuroendocrine outputs brain less well understood. Here, we use transmission electron microscopy reconstruction whole central nervous system Drosophila larva to elucidate sensory pathways interneurons provide input neurosecretory cells projecting endocrine organs. Predicted by network modeling, also identify new carbon dioxide-responsive acts specific set includes those expressing corazonin (Crz) diuretic hormone 44 (Dh44) neuropeptides. Our analysis reveals neuronal architecture for combinatorial action based interneuronal converge distinct combinations outputs.

Язык: Английский

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