Frontiers in Endocrinology,
Год журнала:
2012,
Номер
3
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2012
This
review
focuses
on
the
state
of
art
neuropeptide
receptors
in
insects.
Most
these
are
G
protein-coupled
(GPCRs)
and
involved
regulation
virtually
all
physiological
processes
during
an
insect's
life.
More
than
20
years
ago
a
milestone
invertebrate
endocrinology
was
achieved
with
characterization
first
insect
receptor,
i.e.,
Drosophila
tachykinin-like
receptor.
However,
it
took
until
release
genome
2000
that
research
boosted.
In
last
decade
plethora
genomic
information
other
species
also
became
available,
leading
to
better
insight
functions
evolution
signaling
systems
their
intracellular
pathways.
It
clear
some
conserved
among
species,
indicating
they
fulfill
crucial
roles
processes.
Meanwhile,
seem
be
lost
several
orders
or
suggesting
actions
were
superfluous
those
insects,
neuropeptides
have
taken
over
functions.
is
striking
deorphanization
GPCRs
gets
much
attention,
but
subsequent
unraveling
pathways
elicit,
often
hardly
examined.
Especially
insects
besides
this
scarce
if
not
absent.
And
although
great
progress
made
characterizing
systems,
even
predicted
remain
orphan,
awaiting
for
endogenous
ligand
determined.
The
present
gives
précis
receptor
two
decades.
But
has
emphasized
work
done
so
far
only
tip
iceberg
our
comprehensive
understanding
important
will
still
increase
substantially
coming
years.
Annual Review of Physiology,
Год журнала:
2010,
Номер
72(1), С. 605 - 624
Опубликована: Фев. 11, 2010
Circadian
clocks
organize
behavior
and
physiology
to
adapt
daily
environmental
cycles.
Genetic
approaches
in
the
fruit
fly,
Drosophila
melanogaster,
have
revealed
widely
conserved
molecular
gears
of
these
24-h
timers.
Yet
much
less
is
known
about
how
cell-autonomous
confer
temporal
information
modulate
cellular
functions.
Here
we
discuss
our
current
knowledge
circadian
clock
function
Drosophila,
providing
an
overview
underpinnings
clocks.
We
then
describe
neural
network
important
for
rhythms
locomotor
activity,
including
might
influence
neuronal
function.
Finally,
address
a
range
behaviors
physiological
systems
regulated
by
clocks,
discussion
specific
peripheral
oscillators
key
effectors
where
they
been
described.
These
studies
reveal
remarkable
complexity
pathways
this
"simple"
model
organism.
Genetics,
Год журнала:
2017,
Номер
205(4), С. 1373 - 1397
Опубликована: Март 30, 2017
The
advantages
of
the
model
organism
Drosophila
melanogaster,
including
low
genetic
redundancy,
functional
simplicity,
and
ability
to
conduct
large-scale
screens,
have
been
essential
for
understanding
molecular
nature
circadian
(∼24
hr)
rhythms,
continue
be
valuable
in
discovering
novel
regulators
rhythms
sleep.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
current
these
interrelated
biological
processes
wider
implications
research.
Clock
genes
period
timeless
were
first
discovered
screens
developed
1970s.
Feedback
on
their
own
transcription
forms
core
clock,
accurately
timed
expression,
localization,
post-transcriptional
modification,
function
is
thought
critical
maintaining
cycle.
Regulators,
several
phosphatases
kinases,
act
different
steps
feedback
loop
ensure
strong
rhythms.
Approximately
150
neurons
fly
brain
that
contain
components
clock
together
translate
intracellular
cycling
into
rhythmic
behavior.
We
how
groups
serve
functions
allowing
clocks
entrain
environmental
cues,
driving
behavioral
outputs
at
times
day,
flexible
responses
conditions.
neuropeptide
PDF
provides
an
important
signal
synchronize
neurons,
although
details
accomplishes
are
still
being
explored.
Secreted
signals
from
also
influence
other
tissues.
SLEEP
is,
part,
regulated
by
which
ensures
appropriate
timing
sleep,
but
amount
quality
sleep
determined
mechanisms
a
homeostatic
balance
between
wake.
Flies
useful
identifying
large
set
genes,
molecules,
neuroanatomic
loci
regulating
amount.
Conserved
aspects
regulation
flies
mammals
include
wake-promoting
roles
catecholamine
neurotransmitters
involvement
hypothalamus-like
regions,
regions
implicated
less
clear
parallels.
Sleep
subject
factors
such
as
food
availability,
stress,
social
environment.
beginning
understand
identified
molecules
interact
with
each
other,
environment,
regulate
researchers
can
take
advantage
increasing
mechanistic
behaviors,
learning
memory,
courtship,
aggression,
loss
impacts
behaviors.
thus
remain
tool
both
discovery
deep
