Cognitive
functions
are
mediated
through
coordinated
and
dynamic
neuronal
responses
that
involve
many
different
areas
across
the
brain.
Therefore,
it
is
of
high
interest
to
simultaneously
record
activity
from
as
brain
possible
while
subject
performs
a
cognitive
behavioral
task.
One
emerging
tools
achieve
mesoscopic
field
view
wide-field
imaging
cortex-wide
dynamics
in
mice.
Wide-field
cost-effective,
user-friendly,
enables
obtaining
signals
mice
performing
complex
demanding
tasks.
Importantly,
offers
an
unbiased
observation
sheds
light
on
overlooked
cortical
regions
highlights
parallel
processing
circuits.
Recent
studies
have
shown
multi-area
patterns,
rather
than
just
single
area,
involved
encoding
functions.
The
optical
properties
enable
signals,
such
layer-specific,
inhibitory
subtypes,
or
neuromodulation
signals.
Here,
I
review
main
advantages
mice,
recent
literature,
discuss
future
directions
field.
It
expected
behaving
will
continue
gain
popularity
aid
understanding
mesoscale
underlying
function.
Trends in Neurosciences,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
46(7), С. 508 - 524
Опубликована: Май 8, 2023
The
rapid
and
coordinated
propagation
of
neural
activity
across
the
brain
provides
foundation
for
complex
behavior
cognition.
Technical
advances
neuroscience
subfields
have
advanced
understanding
these
dynamics,
but
points
convergence
are
often
obscured
by
semantic
differences,
creating
silos
subfield-specific
findings.
In
this
review
we
describe
how
a
parsimonious
conceptualization
state
as
fundamental
building
block
whole-brain
offers
common
framework
to
relate
findings
scales
species.
We
present
examples
diverse
techniques
commonly
used
study
states
associated
with
physiology
higher-order
cognitive
processes,
discuss
integration
them
will
enable
more
comprehensive
mechanistic
characterization
dynamics
that
crucial
survival
disrupted
in
disease.
Neocortex
is
classically
divided
into
distinct
areas,
each
specializing
in
different
function,
but
all
could
benefit
from
reinforcement
feedback
to
inform
and
update
local
processing.
Yet
it
remains
elusive
how
global
signals
like
reward
punishment
are
represented
cortical
computations.
Previously,
we
identified
a
neuron
type,
vasoactive
intestinal
polypeptide
(VIP)-expressing
interneurons,
auditory
cortex
that
recruited
by
behavioral
reinforcers
mediates
disinhibitory
control
inhibiting
other
inhibitory
neurons.
As
the
same
circuit
present
virtually
throughout
cortex,
wondered
whether
VIP
neurons
likewise
cortex.
We
monitored
neural
activity
dozens
of
regions
using
three-dimensional
random
access
two-photon
microscopy
fiber
photometry
while
mice
learned
an
discrimination
task.
found
during
initial
learning
produce
rapid,
cortex-wide
activation
most
interneurons.
This
recruitment
mode
showed
variations
temporal
dynamics
individual
across
areas.
Neither
weak
sensory
tuning
interneurons
visual
nor
their
arousal
state
modulation
was
fully
predictive
reinforcer
responses.
suggest
response
supports
cell-type-specific
mechanism
which
organism-level
information
about
regulates
processing
plasticity.
Nature,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
633(8029), С. 398 - 406
Опубликована: Авг. 28, 2024
Abstract
The
brain
functions
as
a
prediction
machine,
utilizing
an
internal
model
of
the
world
to
anticipate
sensations
and
outcomes
our
actions.
Discrepancies
between
expected
actual
events,
referred
errors,
are
leveraged
update
guide
attention
towards
unexpected
events
1–10
.
Despite
importance
prediction-error
signals
for
various
neural
computations
across
brain,
surprisingly
little
is
known
about
circuit
mechanisms
responsible
their
implementation.
Here
we
describe
thalamocortical
disinhibitory
that
required
generating
sensory
in
mouse
primary
visual
cortex
(V1).
We
show
violating
animals’
predictions
by
stimulus
preferentially
boosts
responses
layer
2/3
V1
neurons
most
selective
stimulus.
Prediction
errors
specifically
amplify
input,
rather
than
representing
non-specific
surprise
or
difference
how
input
deviates
from
animal’s
predictions.
This
amplification
implemented
cooperative
mechanism
requiring
thalamic
pulvinar
cortical
vasoactive-intestinal-peptide-expressing
(VIP)
inhibitory
interneurons.
In
response
VIP
inhibit
specific
subpopulation
somatostatin-expressing
interneurons
gate
excitatory
V1,
resulting
pulvinar-driven
stimulus-selective
V1.
Therefore,
prioritizes
unpredicted
information
selectively
increasing
salience
features
through
synergistic
interaction
neocortical
circuits.
Science,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
388(6744), С. 322 - 328
Опубликована: Апрель 17, 2025
Synaptic
plasticity
underlies
learning
by
modifying
specific
synaptic
inputs
to
reshape
neural
activity
and
behavior.
However,
the
rules
governing
which
synapses
will
undergo
different
forms
of
in
vivo
during
whether
these
are
uniform
within
individual
neurons
remain
unclear.
Using
longitudinal
imaging
with
single-synapse
resolution
mouse
motor
cortex
learning,
we
found
that
apical
basal
dendrites
layer
2/3
(L2/3)
pyramidal
showed
distinct
activity-dependent
rules.
The
strengthening
is
predicted
local
coactivity
nearby
coincident
postsynaptic
action
potentials,
respectively.
Blocking
spiking
diminished
potentiation
without
affecting
plasticity.
Thus,
use
multiple
a
compartment-specific
manner
learning.
Cell Reports,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
42(9), С. 113088 - 113088
Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2023
Cortical
circuit
function
is
regulated
by
extensively
interconnected,
diverse
populations
of
GABAergic
interneurons
that
may
play
key
roles
in
shaping
operation
according
to
behavioral
context.
A
specialized
population
co-express
vasoactive
intestinal
peptides
(VIP-INs)
are
activated
during
arousal
and
innervate
other
INs
pyramidal
neurons
(PNs).
Although
state-dependent
modulation
VIP-INs
has
been
studied,
their
role
regulating
sensory
processing
less
well
understood.
We
examined
the
impact
primary
visual
cortex
awake
behaving
mice.
Loss
VIP-IN
activity
alters
somatostatin-expressing
(SST-INs)
but
not
PNs.
In
contrast,
reduced
globally
disrupts
feature
selectivity
for
stimulus
size.
Moreover,
on
perceptual
behavior
varies
with
context
more
acute
small
than
large
cues.
thus
contribute
both
cortical
context-dependent
performance.
Current Biology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
33(16), С. 3398 - 3408.e7
Опубликована: Июль 26, 2023
Vasoactive
intestinal
peptide
(VIP)
interneurons
in
sensory
cortex
modulate
responses
based
on
global
exploratory
behavior
and
arousal
state,
but
their
function
during
non-exploratory,
goal-directed
is
not
well
understood.
In
particular,
whether
VIP
cells
are
activated
by
cues,
reward-seeking
actions,
or
directly
reinforcement
unclear.
We
trained
mice
a
Go/NoGo
whisker
touch
detection
task
that
included
delay
period
other
features
designed
to
separate
sensory-evoked,
action-related,
reward-related
neural
activity.
Mice
had
lick
response
stimulus
receive
variable-sized
reward.
Using
two-photon
calcium
imaging,
we
measured
ΔF/F
of
L2/3
neurons
somatosensory
(S1)
behavior.
both
expert
novice
mice,
were
strongly
stimuli
actions
(licking),
reinforcement.
showed
somatotopic
tuning
was
spatially
organized
relative
anatomical
columns
S1,
unlike
lick-related
signals
which
widespread.
suppressed,
enhanced,
when
reward
delivered,
the
amount
suppression
increased
with
size.
This
seen
where
delivery
yoked
licking.
These
results
indicate
besides
state
variables,
local
Instead,
our
consistent
role
for
encoding
expectation
associated
motor
actions.