Applied Sciences,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
14(6), С. 2342 - 2342
Опубликована: Март 11, 2024
Renewable
energies
present
an
opportunity
to
enhance
energy
security,
reduce
dependence
on
imports,
and
lower
greenhouse
gas
emissions.
Natural
gas,
viewed
as
a
transitional
fuel
from
coal
renewables,
lacks
reliable
environmental
sustainability
does
not
contribute
EU
independence.
Recently,
biomethane
has
been
gaining
attention
alternative
natural
gas.
Obtained
purified
or
“upgraded”
biogas,
it
offers
economic
advantages.
Several
developed
technologies,
including
absorption,
adsorption,
membrane
separation,
cryogenic
are
commercially
available.
However,
those
energy-
resource-intensive.
In
this
context,
review
aims
examine
the
recent
advancements
in
biogas
upgrading,
particularly
physical,
chemical,
biological
pathways.
It
focuses
CO2
removal
and/or
conversion
methane,
offering
updated
overview
for
future
studies.
The
technologies
classified
based
separation
method
(by
phase
addition,
by
solid
agent,
creation,
process),
analysis
of
each
category
is
conducted.
discussion
covers
characteristics,
process
complexity,
research
prospects
sustainable
technologies.
This
highlights
potential
upgrading
contributing
development,
increasing
achieving
reduction
goals
that
aligned
with
targets.
Environmental Chemistry Letters,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
20(5), С. 2853 - 2927
Опубликована: Июль 5, 2022
Abstract
The
Ukraine
conflict
has
put
critical
pressure
on
gas
supplies
and
increased
the
price
of
fertilisers.
As
a
consequence,
biogas
gained
remarkable
attention
as
local
source
both
for
energy
biofertiliser
agriculture.
Moreover,
climate
change-related
damage
incentivises
all
sectors
to
decarbonise
integrate
sustainable
practices.
For
instance,
anaerobic
digestion
allows
decarbonisation
optimal
waste
management.
Incorporating
system
in
each
country
would
limit
global
warming
2
°C.
If
suitable
policies
mechanisms
are
implemented,
industry
could
reduce
greenhouse
emissions
by
3.29–4.36
gigatonnes
carbon
dioxide
equivalent,
which
represent
about
10–13%
emissions.
Here,
we
review
role
sector
capturing
methane
mitigating
associated
with
outputs.
Since
impurities
can
cause
severe
practical
difficulties
storing
grid
delivering
systems,
present
upgrading
technologies
that
remove
or
consume
raw
biogas,
achieve
minimum
95%
content.
We
discuss
hydrogen-assisted
biological
sequestration
converting
biomethane
via
utilising
hydrogen
generated
primarily
through
other
renewable
sources
such
water
electrolysis
photovoltaic
solar
facilities
wind
turbines.
This
conceptual
shift
'power
gas'
excess
grids.
By
produced
during
into
additional
biomethane,
potential
meet
53%
demand
fossil
natural
gas.
also
evaluate
digestate
from
systems
producing
biochar,
be
used
directly
indirectly
biomethanation
enhancement,
upgrading,
cleaning
material.
Environmental Chemistry Letters,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
21(3), С. 1419 - 1476
Опубликована: Фев. 24, 2023
Abstract
Climate
change
issues
are
calling
for
advanced
methods
to
produce
materials
and
fuels
in
a
carbon–neutral
circular
way.
For
instance,
biomass
pyrolysis
has
been
intensely
investigated
during
the
last
years.
Here
we
review
of
algal
lignocellulosic
with
focus
on
products
mechanisms,
oil
upgrading,
combining
anaerobic
digestion,
economy,
life
cycle
assessment.
Products
include
oil,
gas,
biochar.
Upgrading
techniques
comprise
hot
vapor
filtration,
solvent
addition,
emulsification,
esterification
transesterification,
hydrotreatment,
steam
reforming,
use
supercritical
fluids.
We
examined
economic
viability
terms
profitability,
internal
rate
return,
return
investment,
carbon
removal
service,
product
pricing,
net
present
value.
also
reviewed
20
recent
studies
found
that
method
highly
influenced
yield,
ranging
from
9.07
40.59%
10.1
41.25%
biochar,
11.93
28.16%
syngas.
Feedstock
type,
pyrolytic
temperature,
heating
rate,
reaction
retention
time
were
main
factors
controlling
distribution
products.
Pyrolysis
mechanisms
bond
breaking,
cracking,
polymerization
re-polymerization,
fragmentation.
Biochar
residual
forestry
could
sequester
2.74
tons
dioxide
equivalent
per
ton
biochar
when
applied
soil
thus
potential
remove
0.2–2.75
gigatons
atmospheric
annually.
The
generation
bio-oil
process
is
estimated
be
economically
feasible.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
185, С. 113638 - 113638
Опубликована: Авг. 17, 2023
The
wastewater
sector
accounts
for
up
to
7
and
10%
of
anthropogenic
CH4
N2O
emissions,
respectively.
Nowadays
treatment
plants
are
going
through
a
paradigm
shift
approach
net-zero
carbon
condition.
Numerous
ongoing
measures
have
taken
place
identify
the
sources
greenhouse
gases
minimize
footprint.
This
paper
systematically
reviews
all
known
practices
leading
towards
treatment.
gas
emissions
from
identified
footprint
quantification
tools,
such
as
reliable
models
emission
factors
compared.
direct
process
can
contribute
over
60%
in
plants,
while
around
30%
is
due
energy-related
indirect
emissions.
Therefore,
mitigation
via
optimization
energy
usage
comprehensively
described.
implantation
novel
nitrogen
removal
processes
reduce
both
consumption.
Other
techniques
source
separation
systems
potentially
allow
by
avoiding
energy-intensive
fertilizer
production.
Nutrient
recovery
methods
another
which
offer
negative
value
net
Recovering
production
promising
method
lead
reductions.
Ultimately,
achieve
full
decarbonization
any
remaining
need
be
offset,
including
chemicals
transportation.
Process Safety and Environmental Protection,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
188, С. 834 - 859
Опубликована: Июнь 2, 2024
Biogas
is
a
resource
of
renewable
energy
with
the
highest
significance
to
development
in
many
countries
due
great
accessibility
biomass.
It
mostly
produced
by
anaerobic
digestion
various
feedstocks,
but
technologies
such
as
landfilling,
aerobic
composting
and
incineration
are
also
being
used.
The
current
novel
review
aimed
present
emerging
for
biogas
pretreatment,
production
upgrading
process.
Furthermore,
applications
future
perspectives
have
been
covered.
was
found
that
pretreatment
chemical,
physical,
thermochemical
oxidative
increasing
biomethane
yield.
Hence,
extrusion
has
increased
190%.
upgrading,
photosynthetic
biofixation
CO2
microalgae
shown
upgraded
CH4
maximum
content
ranging
from
2
6%.
Microbial
electrolysis
cell
technology
sustainable
effective
low
requirement
energy.
Thus,
it
bioelectromethanogenesis
leads
uptake
13.2
gCO2/d.
In
addition,
nanobubble
recent
studies
extensively
investigated
improvement
methane
Europe
around
70%
plants
utilising
feedstocks
agriculture
sectors.
2022
global
combined
reached
more
than
1.6
EJ
which
an
increase
17%
last
five
years.
Fossil
fuels
primary
source
85%
world's
supply.
wider
use
could
ensure
goals
implementation
