Understanding Emotions: Origins and Roles of the Amygdala

Biomolecules, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 11(6), С. 823 - 823

Опубликована: Май 31, 2021

Emotions arise from activations of specialized neuronal populations in several parts the cerebral cortex, notably anterior cingulate, insula, ventromedial prefrontal, and subcortical structures, such as amygdala, ventral striatum, putamen, caudate nucleus, tegmental area. Feelings are conscious, emotional experiences these that contribute to networks mediating thoughts, language, behavior, thus enhancing ability predict, learn, reappraise stimuli situations environment based on previous experiences. Contemporary theories emotion converge around key role amygdala central brain structure constantly evaluates integrates a variety sensory information surroundings assigns them appropriate values dimensions, valence, intensity, approachability. The participates regulation autonomic endocrine functions, decision-making adaptations instinctive motivational behaviors changes through implicit associative learning, short- long-term synaptic plasticity, activation fight-or-flight response via efferent projections its nucleus cortical structures.

Язык: Английский

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The central extended amygdala in fear and anxiety: Closing the gap between mechanistic and neuroimaging research

Neuroscience Letters, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 693, С. 58 - 67

Опубликована: Ноя. 30, 2017

Язык: Английский

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Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions: From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 108, С. 559 - 601

Опубликована: Авг. 22, 2019

Due to their ability capture attention, emotional stimuli tend benefit from enhanced perceptual processing, which can be helpful when such are task-relevant but hindering they task-irrelevant. Altered emotion-attention interactions have been associated with symptoms of affective disturbances, and emerging research focuses on improving prevent or treat disorders. In line the Human Affectome Project's emphasis linguistic components, we also analyzed language used describe attention-related aspects emotion, highlighted terms related domains as conscious awareness, motivational effects social emotion regulation. These were discussed within a broader review available evidence regarding neural correlates (1) Emotion-Attention Interactions in Perception, (2) Learning Memory, (3) Individual Differences Interactions, (4) Training Interventions Optimize Interactions. This comprehensive approach enabled an integrative overview current knowledge mechanisms at multiple levels analysis, identification directions for future investigations.

Язык: Английский

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Reappraising Reappraisal

Emotion Review, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 11(4), С. 267 - 282

Опубликована: Авг. 20, 2019

What psychological mechanisms enable people to reappraise a situation change its emotional impact? We propose that reappraisal works by shifting appraisal outcomes—abstract representations of how situational construal compares goals—either changing the ( reconstrual) or goal set repurposing). Instances can therefore be characterized as vectors in dimensional space. Affordances for arise from range mental models could explain malleability) and goals serve malleability). This framework helps expand our conception reappraisal, assess classify different instances predict their relative effectiveness, understand brain mechanisms, relate them individual differences.

Язык: Английский

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Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 22(3), С. 225 - 240

Опубликована: Фев. 3, 2018

Research in experimental psychopathology has led to the development of ABM training as a potential computer-delivered treatment for anxiety disorders. Conventional threat-avoidance encourages anxious individuals orient attention away from threat, but variable effects on and threat-related ABs. Differing explanations mixed outcomes training, theoretical controversy about causes ABs, encourage alternative novel methods. Development effective attention-based treatments would be advanced by better understanding cognitive processes underlying using more refined comprehensive assessments associated neural functioning. theories highlight biases (ABs) underpin disorders: attention-bias modification (ABM) training. Variable ABs generate conflicting research recommendations, procedures, controversy. This article summarises an updated cognitive-motivational framework, integrating proposals models attention, well evidence Interactions between motivational salience-driven goal-directed influences multiple (e.g., stimulus evaluation, inhibition, switching, orienting) underlie manifestations (orienting towards threat; threat-distractor interference). analysis also considers skill describes conceptual framework evaluating/developing complements network-based reciprocal anxiety–cognition relationships. Anxiety disorders are common mental-health problems that burdensome sufferers health services [1Craske M.G. Stein M.B. Anxiety.Lancet. 2016; 388: 3048-3059Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar]. Treatments include medication behavioural therapy (CBT); however, many fail respond, or relapse Scholar, 2Olatunji B.O. et al.Efficacy behavioral review meta-analytic findings.Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 2010; 33: 557-577Abstract (154) Consequently, there is need additional options which effective, low-cost, easily delivered. One arose (see Glossary), draws theory methods psychology examine modify anxiety. The original version, based assumptions have enduring automatic tendency attend preferentially threat information [3Williams M. al.Cognitive Psychology Emotional Disorders.1st edn. Wiley, 1988Google Scholar], reduction this bias (AB) should reduce [4MacLeod C. al.Selective emotional vulnerability: assessing causal basis their association through manipulation attentional bias.J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2002; 111: 107-123Crossref 5MacLeod Clarke P.J.F. approach intervention.Clin. Sci. 2015; 3: 58-78Crossref (98) However, dispute clinical effectiveness purpose several-fold: provide brief overview these issues, builds extends our previous reviews [6Mogg K. Bradley B.P. threat: mechanisms with modification.Behav. Res. Ther. 87: 76-108Crossref (44) 7Mogg al.Attention (ABM): multisession high-anxious individuals.Clin. 2017; 54: 698-717Crossref (3) Scholar]; describe model attention; view training; apply distinction procedures [8MacLeod Grafton B. Anxiety-linked its modification: illustrating importance distinguishing research.Behav. 86: 68-86Crossref Scholar] perspective; evaluating developing procedures; most widely used method, typically employs modified visual probe task train direct Each trial presents nonthreat cue simultaneously different locations computer screen, immediately followed dot) replaces one cues (Figure 1). Participants respond quickly possible probe. In probes unlikely appear just vacated cues. Hence, (many hundreds trials) orienting location threat. Since introduction 15 years ago, over 30 studies evaluated symptoms AB high-anxiety individuals. Despite initial promising results, report disappointing 8MacLeod 9Cristea I.A. interventions depression: meta-analysis.Br. J. Psychiatry. 206: 7-16Crossref (176) 10Cristea al.Practitioner review: mental children adolescents: meta-analysis.J. Child Psychiatry Allied Discip. 56: 723-734Crossref (23) 11Heeren A. social anxiety: systematic meta-analysis.Clin. Rev. 40: 76-90Crossref (90) 12Van Bockstaele al.A current impact fear anxiety.Psychol. Bull. 2014; 140: 682-721Crossref (103) 13Price R.B. al.Pooled patient-level meta-analysis adults completing computer-based intervention targeting bias.Clin. 50: 37-49Crossref (36) 14Mogoaşe al.Clinical efficacy procedures: 70: 1133-1157Crossref (146) 15Liu H. al.Effects meta-analysis.PLoS One. 12: 1-24Google 16Jones E.B. Sharpe L. Cognitive meta-analyses.J. Affect. Disord. 223: 175-183Crossref (24) often no reducing than control equally likely replace cues) combines practice threat-cue exposure, does not threat-avoidant orienting. Recent meta-analyses conclude conventional inconsistent therefore unsuitable Other (considered later) may outcome data preliminary. at turning point, diverse recommendations: (i) into abandoned [9Cristea (ii) improved attention-orienting [5MacLeod 17Grafton al.Confusing process when appraising vulnerability.Br. 211: 266-271Crossref (1) (iii) premise reconsidered, revised target 18Zvielli al.Targeting biased dynamic time: Attention Feedback Awareness Control Training (A-FACT).Clin. 4: 287-298Crossref (6) 19Amir I. al.(De)Coupling eyes mind's eye: perspective bias.Emotion. 53: 1689-1699Google evidence-based perspectives anxiety, guide future research. To improve it helpful consider why consistently expected. An important Poor explained deficient if fails (i.e., pre-existing threat), could explain failure For example, less delivered home laboratory/clinic settings, possibly because greater distractions impair learning repetitious boring, compliance [20Dennis T.A. O'Toole L.J. Mental go.Clin. 2: 576-590Crossref (40) 21Amir N. pilot study adaptive, idiographic, multi-component program disorder.Cogn. 661-671Crossref (0) implication example distraction making engaging 20Dennis Another explanation poor concerns process: play strong role both If so, them. Numerous emerged past 6Mogg 22Öhman Fear phenomena: phenomenology, evolutionary perspectives, information-processing mechanisms.in: Lewis Haviland Handbook Emotions. Guilford Press, 1993: 511-536Google 23Beck A.T. Clark D.A. processing strategic processes.Behav. 1997; 35: 49-58Crossref (579) 24Derryberry D. Rothbart M.K. Reactive effortful organization temperament.Dev. Psychopathol. 9: 633-652Crossref 25Cisler J.M. Koster E.H.W. Mechanisms integrative review.Clin. 30: 203-216Crossref (625) 26Eysenck M.W. al.Anxiety performance: theory.Emotion. 2007; 7: 336-353Crossref (1674) 27Lonigan C.J. al.Temperament, threat-relevant stimuli.J. Adolesc. 2004; 8-20Crossref (177) 28Bar-Haim Y. al.Threat-related nonanxious individuals: study.Psychol. 133: 1-24Crossref (1748) 29Mogg A anxiety.Behav. 1998; 36: 809-848Crossref (1037) 30Mathews Mackintosh selective anxiety.Cogn. 22: 539-560Crossref (430) 31Williams Disorders.2nd 1997Google 32Waters A.M. Craske Towards cognitive-learning formulation youth narrative implications treatment.Clin. 50-66Crossref reviewed Scholar]). We focus here two differing training: proposes caused can targeted other processes, effectively multicomponent procedures. According early views whereas low-anxiety conceptualised stable trait-like characteristic plays anxiety; hence, 33Bar-Haim disorders.J. 51: 859-870Crossref (239) Empirical indicates anxiety-related operate automatically, outside awareness 34Hedger al.Are threats prioritized without awareness? critical involving 3 paradigms 2696 observers.Psychol. 142: 1-123Crossref (10) 35Teachman B.A. al.Automaticity major depressive disorder.Clin. 2012; 32: 575-603Crossref (60) Thus, uses implicit what being taught) relies repeated trials (participants informed goal induce avoidance) increasingly do exhibit sometimes show avoidance 36Shechner T. Bar-Haim Threat monitoring stress-related disorders.Curr. Dir. 25: 431-437Crossref 37Salum G.A. al.Threat orienting: specificity large community-based Med. 2013; 43: 733-745Crossref (70) 38Yiend al.Mechanisms generalized 758-771Crossref 39Waters al.Biased paediatric (generalized disorder, phobia, specific separation disorder) function 'distress' versus 'fear' diagnostic categorization.Psychol. 44: 607-616Crossref propose depend including (also known bottom-up, stimulus-driven) top-down, executive control) These themes overlap [40Petersen S.E. Posner M.I. system human brain: 20 after.Annu. Neurosci. 73-89Crossref (925) 41Duncan multiple-demand (MD) primate programs intelligent behaviour.Trends Cogn. 14: 172-179Abstract (563) 42Diamond Executive functions.Annu. 64: 135-168Crossref (1018) 43Corbetta Shulman G.L. stimulus-driven brain.Nat. 215-229Crossref 44Miyake al.The unity diversity functions contributions complex 'frontal lobe' tasks: latent analysis.Cogn. 2000; 41: 49-100Crossref (5667)

Язык: Английский

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The thalamus integrates the macrosystems of the brain to facilitate complex, adaptive brain network dynamics

Progress in Neurobiology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 199, С. 101951 - 101951

Опубликована: Ноя. 13, 2020

Язык: Английский

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The neurobiology of irritable bowel syndrome

Molecular Psychiatry, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 28(4), С. 1451 - 1465

Опубликована: Фев. 2, 2023

Abstract Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most prevalent disorder of brain-gut interactions that affects between 5 and 10% general population worldwide. The current symptom criteria restrict diagnosis to recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered habits, but majority patients also report non-painful discomfort, psychiatric conditions (anxiety depression), as well other visceral somatic pain-related symptoms. For decades, IBS was considered an intestinal motility disorder, more recently a gut disorder. However, based on extensive body reported information about central, peripheral mechanisms genetic factors involved in pathophysiology symptoms, comprehensive disease model brain-gut-microbiome has emerged, which can explain chronic pain, comorbidities. In this review, we will first describe novel insights into several key components microbiome interactions, starting alterations connectome enteric nervous system, list distinct functional structural brain signatures, comparing them proposed anxiety disorders. We then point out emerging correlations networks genomic, gastrointestinal, immune, microbiome-related parameters. incorporate new systems-based IBS. Finally, discuss implications such for improved understanding development effective treatment approaches future.

Язык: Английский

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EEG emotion recognition using attention-based convolutional transformer neural network

Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 84, С. 104835 - 104835

Опубликована: Март 10, 2023

Язык: Английский

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The nature and neurobiology of fear and anxiety: State of the science and opportunities for accelerating discovery

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 151, С. 105237 - 105237

Опубликована: Май 18, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Basic Emotions in Human Neuroscience: Neuroimaging and Beyond

Frontiers in Psychology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 8

Опубликована: Авг. 24, 2017

The existence of so-called ‘basic emotions’ and their defining attributes represents a long lasting yet unsettled issue in psychology. Recently, neuroimaging evidence, especially related to the advent meta-analytic methods, has revitalized this debate endeavour systems human neuroscience. core theme focuses on unique neural bases that are specific characteristic for each instance basic emotion. Here we review outlining contradictory findings, strengths limits different approaches. Constructionism dismisses dedicated structures emotions, considering assumption one-to-one relationship between functions is central emotion theories. While these critiques useful pinpoint current limitations emotions theories, argue they do not always appear equally generative fostering new testable accounts how brain relates affective functions. We then consider evidence beyond PET fMRI, including results concerning relation awareness data from neuropsychology patients with focal damage. Evidence lesion studies indeed particularly informative, as able bring correlational typical causation, thereby characterizing which necessary for, rather than simply to, processing. These other shed light often ascribed such automaticity perception, quick onset, brief duration. Overall, favour neurobiological underpinnings outweighs dismissive In fact, concept can still be fruitful, if updated knowledge overcomes traditional localization brain. particular, propose structure-function better described terms pluripotentiality, refers fact one structure fulfil multiple functions, depending functional network pattern co-activations displayed at any given moment.

Язык: Английский

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