Why is COVID-19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying the age-related difference in severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections

Archives of Disease in Childhood, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 106(5), С. 429 - 439

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2020

In contrast to other respiratory viruses, children have less severe symptoms when infected with the novel acute syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). this review, we discuss proposed hypotheses for age-related difference in severity of disease 2019 (COVID-19). Factors explain COVID-19 and adults include those that put at higher risk protect children. The former include: (1) increase endothelial damage changes clotting function; (2) density, increased affinity different distribution angiotensin converting enzyme receptors transmembrane serine protease 2; (3) pre-existing antibodies (including antibody-dependent enhancement) T cells; (4) immunosenescence inflammaging, including effects chronic cytomegalovirus infection; (5) a prevalence comorbidities associated (6) lower levels vitamin D. might differences innate adaptive immunity; more frequent recurrent concurrent infections; immunity coronaviruses; microbiota; melatonin; protective off-target live vaccines (7) intensity exposure SARS-CoV-2.

Язык: Английский

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Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 7(1)

Опубликована: Июль 6, 2022

The centenary of insulin discovery represents an important opportunity to transform diabetes from a fatal diagnosis into medically manageable chronic condition. Insulin is key peptide hormone and mediates the systemic glucose metabolism in different tissues. resistance (IR) disordered biological response for stimulation through disruption molecular pathways target Acquired conditions genetic factors have been implicated IR. Recent biochemical studies suggest that dysregulated metabolic mediators released by adipose tissue including adipokines, cytokines, chemokines, excess lipids toxic lipid metabolites promote IR other associated with several groups abnormal syndromes include obesity, diabetes, dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), cardiovascular disease, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), abnormalities. Although no medication specifically approved treat IR, we summarized lifestyle changes pharmacological medications used as efficient intervention improve sensitivity. Ultimately, systematic discussion complex mechanism will help identify potential new targets closely

Язык: Английский

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Childhood and Adolescent Obesity: A Review

Frontiers in Pediatrics, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 8

Опубликована: Янв. 12, 2021

Obesity is a complex condition that interweaves biological, developmental, environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors; it significant public health problem. The most common cause of obesity throughout childhood adolescence an inequity in energy balance; is, excess caloric intake without appropriate expenditure. Adiposity rebound (AR) early risk factor for adulthood. increasing prevalence adolescent associated with rise comorbidities previously identified the adult population, such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver disease (NAFLD), Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), Dyslipidemia. Due to lack single treatment option address obesity, clinicians have generally relied on counseling dietary changes exercise. psychosocial issues may accompany regarding body habitus, this approach can negative results. Teens develop unhealthy eating habits result Bulimia Nervosa (BN), Binge- Eating Disorder (BED), or Night syndrome (NES). Others Anorexia (AN) they attempt restrict their diet overshoot goal “being healthy.” To date, lifestyle interventions shown only modest effects weight loss. Emerging findings from basic science well interventional drug trials utilizing GLP-1 agonists demonstrated success effective loss obese adults, adolescents, pediatric patients. However, there limited data efficacy safety other weight-loss medications children adolescents. Nearly 6% adolescents United States are severely bariatric surgery consideration will be discussed. In summary, paper overview pathophysiology, clinical, psychological implications, options available

Язык: Английский

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Developmental trajectory of the healthy human gut microbiota during the first 5 years of life

Cell Host & Microbe, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 29(5), С. 765 - 776.e3

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2021

The gut is inhabited by a densely populated ecosystem, the microbiota, that established at birth. However, succession which different bacteria are incorporated into microbiota still relatively unknown. Here, we analyze from 471 Swedish children followed birth to 5 years of age, collecting samples after 4 and 12 months 3 age as well their mothers using 16S rRNA gene profiling. We also compare an adult population. Genera follow colonization patterns during establishment where Methanobrevibacter Christensenellaceae colonize late do not reached levels years. These colonizers correlate with increased alpha diversity in both adults. By following through age-specific community types, observe have individual dynamics development trajectory.

Язык: Английский

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Human gut microbiota in health and disease: Unveiling the relationship

Frontiers in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13

Опубликована: Сен. 26, 2022

The human gut possesses millions of microbes that define a complex microbial community. microbiota has been characterized as vital organ forming its multidirectional connecting axis with other organs. This is responsible for host-microbe interactions and works by communicating the neural, endocrinal, humoral, immunological, metabolic pathways. microorganisms (mostly non-pathogenic) have symbiotic host relationships are usually associated host’s immunity to defend against pathogenic invasion. dysbiosis therefore linked various diseases, such anxiety, depression, hypertension, cardiovascular obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer. mechanism leading disease development crucial correlation microbiota, products, immune response in humans. understanding mechanisms over exerts positive or harmful impacts remains largely undefined. However, many recent clinical studies conducted worldwide demonstrating relation specific species eubiosis health disease. A comprehensive interactions, role updates on subject striking topics current review. We also addressed daunting challenges must be brought under control maintain treat diseases.

Язык: Английский

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Maturation of the gut microbiome during the first year of life contributes to the protective farm effect on childhood asthma

Nature Medicine, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 26(11), С. 1766 - 1775

Опубликована: Ноя. 1, 2020

Язык: Английский

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Multi-kingdom ecological drivers of microbiota assembly in preterm infants

Nature, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 591(7851), С. 633 - 638

Опубликована: Фев. 24, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Comparison of gut microbiota in exclusively breast-fed and formula-fed babies: a study of 91 term infants

Scientific Reports, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 10(1)

Опубликована: Сен. 25, 2020

Abstract To compare gut microbiota of healthy infants that were exclusively breast-fed or formula-fed, we recruited 91 infants, who assigned into three different groups and fed by breast milk (30 babies), formula A babies) B (31 for more than 4 months after birth. Faecal bacterial composition was tested. Among groups, α diversity lower in group formula-fed 40 days age, but increased significantly 6 age. The Bifidobacterium represented the most predominant genus Enterobacteriaceae second all groups. In Bacteroides higher, while Streptococcus Enterococcus they A-fed group. Lachnospiraceae B-fed Veillonella Clostridioides 3 age there less There also significant differences between Those may have impacts on their long-term health.

Язык: Английский

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How biological sex of the host shapes its gut microbiota

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 61, С. 100912 - 100912

Опубликована: Март 10, 2021

The gut microbiota is a complex system, consisting of dynamic population microorganisms, involved in the regulation host's homeostasis. A vast number factors are driving composition including diet, antibiotics, environment, and lifestyle. However, past decade, growing studies also focused on role sex relationship to changes animal experiments as well human beings. Despite progress investigation techniques, still little known about mechanism behind observed sex-related differences. In this review, we summarized current knowledge sex-dependent differences intestinal commensals discuss probable direct impact hormones more indirect effects such dietary habits or antibiotics. While have conclude limited data specific developmental stages, clear for sexual most probably testosterone emerges.

Язык: Английский

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Gut microbiota and aging

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 62(13), С. 3509 - 3534

Опубликована: Дек. 30, 2020

Aging is characterized by the functional decline of tissues and organs increased risk aging-associated disorders, which pose major societal challenges are a public health priority. Despite extensive human genetics studies, limited progress has been made linking with aging. There growing realization that altered assembly, structure dynamics gut microbiota actively participate in aging process. Age-related microbial dysbiosis involved reshaping immune responses during aging, manifest as immunosenescence (insufficiency) inflammaging (over-reaction) accompany many age-associated enteric extraenteric diseases. The can be regulated, suggesting potential target for interventions. This review summarizes recent findings on physiological succession across life-cycle, roles mechanisms healthy alterations diseases, microbiota-targeted anti-aging strategies.

Язык: Английский

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