The
European
Rapid
Alert
System
for
Food
and
Feed
(RASFF)
has
shown
1133
notifications
spices
herbs
in
the
last
10
years
(2013–2023).
analysis
of
these
indicated
that
58.7%
(665
alerts)
alerts
corresponded
to
chemical
hazards.
Mycotoxins
corresponding
aflatoxin
B1
(24
ochratoxin
A
(39
were
found
19.4%
samples.
Due
presence
biological
hazards
foodstuffs,
comprehensive
knowledge
their
molecular
mechanisms
action
is
required
as
part
risk
assessment
strategy.
Aflatoxin
(AFB1)
a
known
potent
carcinogen
been
linked
liver
cancer
humans
animals.
Its
toxic
effects
consist
forming
DNA
adducts,
causing
mutations,
interfering
with
cellular
processes.
On
other
hand,
(OTA)
be
nephrotoxic,
hepatotoxic,
carcinogenic,
immunosuppressive
both
OTA
targets
kidneys
liver,
exerting
its
similarly
AFB1,
i.e.,
through
damage,
oxidative
stress,
interference
This
communication
reviews
mechanism
underlying
toxicity
AFB1
Europe,
focusing
on
biosynthesis,
toxicodynamics,
interaction
components,
resulting
biochemical
pathways
leading
adverse
health
effects.
Moreover,
it
discusses
potential
strategies
mitigating
spices,
emphasizing
importance
hazard
characterization
effective
management
regulation.
Food Research International,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
184, С. 114239 - 114239
Опубликована: Март 16, 2024
Mycotoxins
can
inflict
harmful
effects
on
diverse
organs,
and
mounting
evidence
indicates
their
potential
involvement
in
human
neurodegenerative
diseases.
Given
the
common
occurrence
of
these
toxins
food,
there
is
an
increasing
demand
for
a
comprehensive
assessment
combined
toxicity
to
enhance
our
understanding
hazards.
This
research
investigates
mycotoxin
exposure
from
widely
consumed
cereal-based
products,
including
enniatin
B
(ENNB),
sterigmatocystin
(STG),
aflatoxin
B1
(AFB1),
cyclopiazonic
acid
(CPZ),
citrinin
(CIT),
ochratoxin
A
(OTA).
Employing
median-effect
equation
based
Chou
Talalay's
mass-action
law,
we
assessed
cytotoxicity
SH-SY5Y
neuronal
cells.
Notably,
ENNB
displayed
highest
neurotoxicity
(IC50
=
3.72
µM),
followed
by
OTA
(9.10
µM)
STG
(9.99
µM).
The
combination
+
exhibited
3.77
while
CPZ
CIT
showed
least
detrimental
effect.
Approximately
70
%
tested
binary
combinations
synergistic
or
additive
effects,
except
STG,
AFB1,
CIT,
which
antagonistic
interactions.
Intriguingly,
senary
moderate
antagonism
at
lowest
synergism
higher
doses.
predominantly
interactions,
comprising
approximately
90
%,
noteworthy
finding
considering
its
prevalence
food.
Conversely,
interactions
tended
be
antagonistic.
most
remarkable
synergy
occurred
combination,
enabling
50-fold
reduction
dosage
equivalent
toxic
These
findings
highlight
biological
relevance
robust
emphasizing
need
assess
hazards
accurately,
particularly
frequent
co-occurrence
environmental
food
settings.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
26(2), С. 636 - 636
Опубликована: Янв. 14, 2025
Neuroinflammation
is
involved
in
various
neurological
and
neurodegenerative
disorders
which
the
activation
of
microglia
one
key
factors.
In
this
study,
we
examined
anti-inflammatory
effects
flavonoids
nobiletin
(5,6,7,8,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone)
eriodictyol
(3′,4′,5,7-tetraxydroxyflavanone)
on
human
cell
line
stimulated
by
either
lipopolysaccharide
(LPS),
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
full-length
Spike
protein
(FL-Spike),
or
mycotoxin
ochratoxin
A
(OTA).
Human
were
preincubated
with
(10,
50,
100
µM)
for
h,
following
which,
they
24
h.
The
inflammatory
mediators
interleukin-1
beta
(IL-1β),
chemokine
(C-X-C
motif)
ligand
8
(CXCL8),
IL-6,
matrix
metalloproteinase-9
(MMP-9)
quantified
culture
supernatant
enzyme-linked
immunosorbent
assay
(ELISA).
Both
significantly
inhibited
LPS,
FL-Spike,
OTA-stimulated
release
IL-1β,
CXCL8,
MMP-9
at
50
µM,
while,
most
cases,
was
also
effective
10
pronounced
reductions
µM.
These
findings
suggest
that
both
are
potent
inhibitors
pathogen-stimulated
microglial
mediators,
highlighting
their
potential
therapeutic
application
neuroinflammatory
diseases,
such
as
long
COVID.
Foods,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
14(3), С. 495 - 495
Опубликована: Фев. 4, 2025
Lactic
acid
bacteria
(LAB)
constitute
a
heterogeneous
group
of
isolated
from
fermented
foods,
animals,
plants,
and
mammalian
guts,
with
many
health-promoting
properties.
Probiotics
antagonistic
properties
against
human
pathogens
foodborne
have
garnered
significant
attention
the
scientific
fraternity.
A
dedicated
review
focusing
on
plant-derived
probiotic
their
has
not
been
comprehensively
reviewed.
Thus,
this
aimed
at
providing
an
overview
LAB
isolates
derived
several
unconventional
sources
such
as
fruits,
seeds,
fruit
pulp,
leaves,
roots,
vegetables,
grasses,
flowers
antibacterial,
antifungal,
antiviral
This
paper
reviewed
antimicrobial
different
genera,
Lactobacillus,
Leuconostoc,
Weissella,
Enterococcus,
Pediococcus,
Bacillus,
Fructobacillus,
postbiotics,
paraprobiotics.
Several
important
mechanisms,
including
secretion
bacteriocins,
bacteriocin-like
substances,
reuterin,
organic
acids
(lactic
acetic),
peptides,
exopolysaccharides,
hydrogen
peroxide,
attributed
to
actions
pathogens.
However,
precise
mode
action
is
poorly
understood;
hence,
further
research
should
be
conducted
reveal
detailed
mechanisms.
Finally,
discusses
summary
future
implications.
Given
significance,
compounds
can
potentially
exploited
in
food
preservation
safety
or
for
medicinal
applications
after
evaluating
safety.
