The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future

The Lancet, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 398(10311), С. 1619 - 1662

Опубликована: Окт. 1, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Health effects of climate change: an overview of systematic reviews

BMJ Open, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 11(6), С. e046333 - e046333

Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2021

Objectives We aimed to develop a systematic synthesis of reviews health impacts climate change, by synthesising studies’ characteristics, impacts, outcomes and key findings. Design conducted an overview change. registered our review in PROSPERO (CRD42019145972). No ethical approval was required since we used secondary data. Additional data are not available. Data sources On 22 June 2019, searched Medline, Cumulative Index Nursing Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, Cochrane Web Science. Eligibility criteria included that explored at least one impact extraction organised according their including geographical regions, year publication authors’ affiliations. mapped the effects being studied synthesised major modified version A MeaSurement Tool Assess Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) assess quality studies. Results 94 reviews. Most were published after 2015 approximately one-fifth contained meta-analyses. Reviews evidence about five categories impacts; two most common meteorological extreme weather events. covered 10 outcome categories; 3 (1) infectious diseases, (2) mortality (3) respiratory, cardiovascular or neurological outcomes. suggested deleterious change on multiple adverse outcomes, although majority also called for more research. Conclusions suggest is associated with worse human health. This study provides comprehensive higher order summary research Study limitations include possible missed relevant reviews, no meta-meta-analyses, assessment overlap. Future could explore potential explanations between these associations propose adaptation mitigation strategies broader sociopsychological

Язык: Английский

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Energy structure, digital economy, and carbon emissions: evidence from China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 28(45), С. 64606 - 64629

Опубликована: Июль 27, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Global urban population exposure to extreme heat

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 118(41)

Опубликована: Окт. 4, 2021

Increased exposure to extreme heat from both climate change and the urban island effect-total warming-threatens sustainability of rapidly growing settlements worldwide. Extreme is highly unequal severely impacts poor. While previous studies have quantified global heat, lack a globally accurate, fine-resolution temporal analysis crucially limits our ability deploy adaptations. Here, we estimate daily population for 13,115 1983 2016. We harmonize global, (0.05°), temperature maxima relative humidity estimates with geolocated longitudinal data. measure average annual rate increase in (person-days/year-1) at regional, national, municipality levels, separating contribution trajectories growth versus total warming. Using maximum wet bulb globe threshold 30 °C, increased nearly 200% Total warming elevated by 52% compared alone. Exposure 46% settlements, which together 2016 comprised 23% planet's (1.7 billion people). However, how drove spatially heterogeneous. This study reinforces importance employing multiple metrics identify local patterns compare trends across geographies. Our results suggest that research underestimates exposure, highlighting urgency targeted adaptations early warning systems reduce harm exposure.

Язык: Английский

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Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health

BMJ, Год журнала: 2021, Номер unknown, С. n1734 - n1734

Опубликована: Сен. 5, 2021

> Wealthy nations must do much more, faster. The United Nations General Assembly in September 2021 will bring countries together at a critical time for marshalling collective action to tackle the global environmental crisis. They meet again biodiversity summit Kunming, China, and climate conference (Conference of Parties (COP)26) Glasgow, UK. Ahead these pivotal meetings, we—the editors health journals worldwide—call urgent keep average temperature increases below 1.5°C, halt destruction nature protect health. Health is already being harmed by natural world, state affairs professionals have been bringing attention decades.1 The science unequivocal; increase 1.5°C above preindustrial continued loss risk catastrophic harm that be impossible reverse.2 3 Despite world’s necessary preoccupation with COVID-19, we cannot wait pandemic pass rapidly reduce emissions. Reflecting severity moment, this editorial appears across world. We are united recognising only fundamental equitable changes societies reverse our current trajectory. The risks now well established.2 Indeed, no rise ‘safe’. In past 20 years, heat-related mortality among people aged over 65 has increased more than 50%.4 Higher temperatures brought dehydration renal function loss, dermatological malignancies, tropical infections, adverse mental outcomes, pregnancy complications, allergies, cardiovascular pulmonary morbidity mortality.5 6 Harms disproportionately affect most vulnerable, including children, older populations, ethnic minorities, poorer communities those underlying problems.2 4 Global heating also contributing decline …

Язык: Английский

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Climate Change and Mental Health: A Scoping Review

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 18(9), С. 4486 - 4486

Опубликована: Апрель 23, 2021

Climate change is negatively impacting the mental health of populations. This scoping review aims to assess available literature related climate and across World Health Organisation’s (WHO) five global research priorities for protecting human from change. We conducted a identify original studies using online academic databases. assessed quality where appropriate assessment tools were available. identified 120 published between 2001 2020. Most quantitative (n = 67), cross-sectional 42), in high-income countries 87), concerned with first WHO priorities—assessing risks associated 101). Several climate-related exposures, including heat, humidity, rainfall, drought, wildfires, floods psychological distress, worsened health, higher mortality among people pre-existing conditions, increased psychiatric hospitalisations, heightened suicide rates. Few 19) addressed other four (effective interventions 8); mitigation adaptation 7); improving decision-support 3); cost estimations 1)). While represents rapidly growing area research, it needs accelerate broaden scope respond evidence-based strategies.

Язык: Английский

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Classic and exertional heatstroke

Nature Reviews Disease Primers, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 8(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 3, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Flexibility and Resilience in Corporate Decision Making: A New Sustainability-Based Risk Management System in Uncertain Times

Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 22(S2), С. 107 - 132

Опубликована: Авг. 3, 2021

Abstract Risk management plays a key role in uncertain times, preventing corporations from acting rashly and incorrectly, allowing them to become flexible resilient. A global turbulence such as the COVID-19 pandemic has had strong impact on individual companies entire economic sectors, raising question of whether paradigm shift is necessary, order enable new cycle development that much environmentally, socially economically sustainable. This environmental socio-economic context profound uncertainty forces organizations consider more carefully risk factors affecting their business continuity, well how these relate sustainability issues. However, there gap knowledge about systems systems, both exert influence performance, especially theoretical point view. The aim this study address gap, by developing interpretative framework for analysis strategies organizations. approach been identified hermeneutics an innovative methodological tool improve design most appropriate strategies. paper provides two main results: first one construction model relates management; second operational multidimensional assessment useful at different levels (business, competitive scenario system). Finally, also makes it possible carry out through evaluation perspective sustainable goals.

Язык: Английский

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Viewpoint: Rigorous monitoring is necessary to guide food system transformation in the countdown to the 2030 global goals

Food Policy, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 104, С. 102163 - 102163

Опубликована: Сен. 29, 2021

Food systems that support healthy diets in sustainable, resilient, just, and equitable ways can engender progress eradicating poverty malnutrition; protecting human rights; restoring natural resources. system activities have contributed to great gains for humanity but also led significant challenges, including hunger, poor diet quality, inequity, threats nature. While it is recognized food are central multiple global commitments goals, the Sustainable Development Goals, current trajectories not aligned meet these objectives. As mounting crises further stress systems, consequences of inaction clear. The goal transformation generate a future where all people access diets, which produced sustainable resilient restore nature deliver livelihoods. A rigorous, science-based monitoring framework evidence-based policymaking work those who hold key actors accountable this process. Monitoring illustrate performance, facilitate comparisons across geographies over time, track progress. We propose centered around five thematic areas related (1) nutrition, health; (2) environment climate; (3) livelihoods, poverty, equity; (4) governance; (5) resilience sustainability. hope call attention need monitor globally inform decisions accountability better governance as part Transformation possible next decade, rigorous evidence needed countdown 2030 SDG goals.

Язык: Английский

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The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health

Annals of Global Health, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 89(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

Plastics have conveyed great benefits to humanity and made possible some of the most significant advances modern civilization in fields as diverse medicine, electronics, aerospace, construction, food packaging, sports. It is now clear, however, that plastics are also responsible for harms human health, economy, earth's environment. These occur at every stage plastic life cycle, from extraction coal, oil, gas its main feedstocks through ultimate disposal into The extent these not been systematically assessed, their magnitude fully quantified, economic costs comprehensively counted.The goals this Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Human Health examine plastics' impacts across cycle on: (1) health well-being; (2) global environment, especially ocean; (3) economy; (4) vulnerable populations-the poor, minorities, world's children. On basis examination, offers science-based recommendations designed support development a Global Treaty, protect save lives.This report contains seven Sections. Following an Introduction, Section 2 presents narrative review processes involved production, use, notes hazards environment associated with each stages. 3 describes ocean potential enter marine web result exposure. 4 details health. 5 first-order estimate health-related costs. 6 examines intersection between plastic, social inequity, environmental injustice. 7 Commission's findings recommendations.Plastics complex, highly heterogeneous, synthetic chemical materials. Over 98% produced fossil carbon- oil gas. comprised carbon-based polymer backbone thousands additional chemicals incorporated polymers convey specific properties such color, flexibility, stability, water repellence, flame retardation, ultraviolet resistance. Many added toxic. They include carcinogens, neurotoxicants endocrine disruptors phthalates, bisphenols, per- poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), brominated retardants, organophosphate retardants. integral components many environment.Global production has increased almost exponentially since World War II, time more than 8,300 megatons (Mt) manufactured. Annual volume grown under Mt 1950 460 2019, 230-fold increase, track triple by 2060. More half all ever 2002. Single-use account 35-40% current represent rapidly growing segment manufacture.Explosive recent growth reflects deliberate pivot integrated multinational fossil-carbon corporations produce manufacture plastics. reducing fuels increasing manufacture. two principal factors decreasing demand due increases 'green' energy, massive expansion fracking.Plastic energy-intensive contributes significantly climate change. At present, estimated 3.7% greenhouse emissions, contribution Brazil. This fraction projected increase 4.5% 2060 if trends continue unchecked.The three phases: disposal. In carbon feedstocks-coal, gas, oil-are transformed energy-intensive, catalytic vast array products. Plastic use occurs aspect results widespread exposure contained plastic. constitute largest portion followed fibers construction.Plastic inefficient, recovery recycling rates below 10% globally. 22 waste enters year, much it single-use gigatons accumulated 1950. Strategies controlled uncontrolled landfilling, open burning, thermal conversion, export. Vast quantities exported year high-income low-income countries, where accumulates landfills, pollutes air water, degrades vital ecosystems, befouls beaches estuaries, health-environmental injustice scale. Plastic-laden e-waste particularly problematic.Plastics plastic-associated pollution. contaminate aquatic (marine freshwater), terrestrial, atmospheric environments destination found throughout ocean, including coastal regions, sea surface, deep sea, polar ice. appear resist breakdown could persist decades. Macro- micro-plastic particles identified hundreds species major taxa, consumed humans. Trophic transfer microplastic within them demonstrated. Although themselves (>10 µm) undergo biomagnification, hydrophobic bioaccumulate animals biomagnify webs. amounts fates smaller nanoplastic (MNPs <10 poorly understood, but harm worrying given mobility biological systems. Adverse pollution multiple levels molecular biochemical population ecosystem. MNP contamination seafood direct, though well chemicals. Marine endangers ecosystems upon which depends food, oxygen, livelihood, well-being.Coal miners, workers field who extract suffer mortality traumatic injury, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary lung cancer. risk leukemia, lymphoma, hepatic angiosarcoma, brain cancer, breast mesothelioma, neurotoxic decreased fertility. Workers producing textiles die bladder interstitial disease rates. toxic metal poisoning, neuropathy, Residents "fenceline" communities adjacent sites experience risks premature birth, low birth weight, asthma, childhood cancer.During disposal, release additives residual monomers people. National biomonitoring surveys USA document population-wide exposures disrupt function births, neurodevelopmental disorders, male reproductive defects, infertility, obesity, renal cancers. Chemical-laden MNPs formed degradation can living organisms, Emerging, albeit still incomplete evidence indicates may cause toxicity physical toxicological effects acting vectors transport bacterial pathogens tissues cells.Infants womb young children populations high plastic-related effects. Because exquisite sensitivity early hazardous children's unique patterns exposure, linked prematurity, stillbirth, defects organs, impairment, impaired growth, Early-life non-communicable diseases later life.Plastic's We 2015 exceeded $250 billion (2015 Int$) globally, alone disability caused PBDE, BPA DEHP $920 Int$). (GHG) emissions equivalent 1.96 dioxide (CO2e) annually. Using US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) cost metric, we annual GHG be $341 Int$).These costs, large they are, certainly underestimate full losses resulting negative All costs-and costs-are externalized petrochemical manufacturing industry borne citizens, taxpayers, governments countries around world without compensation.The adverse economy evenly distributed. disproportionately affect disempowered, marginalized workers, racial ethnic communities, Indigenous groups, women, children, whom had little do creating crisis lack political influence or resources address it. Plastics' harmful keenly felt South, small island states, disenfranchised areas North. Social justice (SEJ) principles require reversal inequitable burdens ensure no group bears disproportionate share those benefit economically bear fair currently costs.It clear sustainable societal injustices.The driver worsening exponential accelerating production. further magnified long persistence environment.The plastics-monomers, additives, processing agents, non-intentionally substances-include amongst number known disruptors, neurotoxicants, persistent organic pollutants. planetary leach out plastics, pollution, disease. efforts reduce must chemicals.To at-risk populations, put end 2040, supports urgent adoption nations strong comprehensive Treaty accord mandate set forth March 2022 resolution United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA).International measures needed curb because transcend national boundaries, scale, well-being people poorest nations. Effective implementation will international action coordinated complemented interventions national, regional, local levels.This urges cap targets, timetables, contributions central provision Treaty. recommend inclusion following provisions:The needs extend beyond microplastics litter plastics.The banning severely restricting unnecessary, avoidable, problematic items, items manufactured microbeads.The requirements extended producer responsibility (EPR) make producers, manufacturers products legally financially safety end-of-life management materials sell.The reductions complexity products; health-protective standards additives; requirement non-toxic materials; disclosure components; traceability components. International cooperation essential implementing enforcing standards.The SEJ remedies fill gaps community knowledge advance both distributional procedural equity.This encourages calling exploration listing least pollutants (POPs) Stockholm Convention.This interface Basel London Conventions enhance slow exports least-developed countries.This recommends creation Permanent Science Policy Advisory Body guide Treaty's implementation. priorities would Member States other stakeholders evaluating solutions effective consumption, enhancing recycling, curbing generation waste. assess trade-offs among evaluate safer alternatives monitor transnational export coordinate robust oceanic-, land-, air-based monitoring programs.This investment research crisis. need determine cost-effective context particular proposed solutions. Oceanographic better measure concentrations µm understand distribution fate Biomedical elucidate MNPs.This finds boon stealth threat enormous benefits, linear pay attention design safe near absence recovery, reuse, grave damage, injustices. worsening.While there remain about uncertainties magnitude, available today demonstrates unequivocally severity intervention Manufacture continue. However, reckless ever-increasing unnecessary products, curbed.Global against failure act immense.

Язык: Английский

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