Landscape and Urban Planning, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 228, С. 104583 - 104583
Опубликована: Сен. 20, 2022
Язык: Английский
Indoor Air, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 32(8)
Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2022
The question of whether SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted by droplets or aerosols has been highly controversial. We sought to explain this controversy through a historical analysis transmission research in other diseases. For most human history, the dominant paradigm was that many diseases were carried air, often over long distances and phantasmagorical way. This miasmatic challenged mid late 19th century with rise germ theory, as such cholera, puerperal fever, malaria found actually transmit ways. Motivated his views on importance contact/droplet infection, resistance he encountered from remaining influence miasma prominent public health official Charles Chapin 1910 helped initiate successful shift, deeming airborne unlikely. new became dominant. However, lack understanding led systematic errors interpretation evidence pathways. next five decades, considered negligible minor for all major respiratory diseases, until demonstration tuberculosis (which had mistakenly thought be droplets) 1962. remained dominant, only few widely accepted before COVID-19: those clearly people not same room. acceleration interdisciplinary inspired COVID-19 pandemic shown mode disease, likely significant infectious
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
81
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 37(2)
Опубликована: Май 22, 2024
SUMMARYThis narrative review and meta-analysis summarizes a broad evidence base on the benefits-and also practicalities, disbenefits, harms personal, sociocultural environmental impacts-of masks masking. Our synthesis of from over 100 published reviews selected primary studies, including re-analyzing contested meta-analyses key clinical trials, produced seven findings. First, there is strong consistent for airborne transmission severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) other pathogens. Second, are, if correctly consistently worn, effective in reducing diseases show dose-response effect. Third, respirators are significantly more than medical or cloth masks. Fourth, mask mandates overall, community Fifth, important symbols; non-adherence to masking sometimes linked political ideological beliefs widely circulated mis- disinformation. Sixth, while much that not generally harmful general population, may be relatively contraindicated individuals with certain conditions, who require exemption. Furthermore, groups (notably D/deaf people) disadvantaged when others masked. Finally, risks environment single-use respirators. We propose an agenda future research, improved characterization situations which should recommended mandated; attention comfort acceptability; generalized disability-focused communication support settings where worn; development testing novel materials designs filtration, breathability, impact.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
32
Canadian Medical Association Journal, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 194(16), С. E573 - E580
Опубликована: Апрель 24, 2022
The speed of vaccine development has been a singular achievement during the COVID-19 pandemic, although uptake not universal. Vaccine opponents often frame their opposition in terms rights unvaccinated. We sought to explore impact mixing vaccinated and unvaccinated populations on risk SARS-CoV-2 infection among people.We constructed simple susceptible-infectious-recovered compartmental model respiratory infectious disease with 2 connected subpopulations: people who were those simulated spectrum patterns between groups that ranged from random complete like-with-like (complete assortativity), which have contact exclusively others same vaccination status. evaluated dynamics an epidemic within each subgroup population as whole.We found was markedly higher than under all assumptions. contact-adjusted contribution disproportionate, contributing infections at rate would expected based numbers alone. increased, attack rates decreased 15% 10% (and increased 62% 79% people), but derived increased.Although associated avoiding virulent pandemic accrues chiefly are unvaccinated, choices affect viral manner is disproportionate portion population.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
42
Building and Environment, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 219, С. 109184 - 109184
Опубликована: Май 13, 2022
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
41
Science, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 385(6707), С. 396 - 401
Опубликована: Июль 25, 2024
The rapid global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the beginning 2020 presented world with its greatest health challenge in decades. It soon became clear that governments were unprepared to respond appropriately this crisis. National and international public authorities confused about transmission routes virus control measures required protect against it. In particular, need reduce risk infection through sufficient effective ventilation indoor spaces was given little attention. review, we discuss insights key lessons learned from COVID-19 pandemic regarding role as an means airborne pathogens and, more broadly, for supporting good air quality.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
15
Building and Environment, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 256, С. 111468 - 111468
Опубликована: Март 29, 2024
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
12
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 119(22)
Опубликована: Май 23, 2022
Many airborne pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are transmitted indoors via aerosol particles. During exercise, pulmonary ventilation can increase over 10-fold, and therefore, exercisers will exhale a greater volume of aerosol-containing air. However, we currently do not know how exercise affects the concentration particles in exhaled air overall emission Consequently, developed method to measure parallel expired air, ventilation, particle at rest during graded test exhaustion. We used this eight women men descriptive study. found that increased significantly from 56 ± 53 particles/liter 633 422 maximal intensity. Aerosol per subject by factor 132 580 489 particles/min super 76,200 48,000 exercise. There were no sex differences emission, but endurance-training subjects emitted more than untrained subjects. Overall, moderately up an intensity ∼2 W/kg exponentially thereafter. Together, these data might partly explain superspreader events especially high-intensity group suggest strong infection prevention measures needed exceeds W/kg. Investigations influencing factors like airway whole-body hydration status on generation needed.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
39
Indoor Air, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 32(4)
Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2022
Individuals with COVID-19 who do not require hospitalization are instructed to self-isolate in their residences. Due high secondary infection rates household members, there is a need understand airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within We report the first naturalistic intervention study suggesting reduction such risk using portable air cleaners (PACs) HEPA filters. Seventeen individuals newly diagnosed completed this single-blind, crossover, randomized study. Total and size-fractionated aerosol samples were collected simultaneously self-isolation room PAC (primary) another (secondary) for two consecutive 24-h periods, one period filtration other filter removed (sham). Seven out sixteen (44%) primary rooms positive RNA during sham period. With operated at its lowest setting (clean delivery rate [CADR] = 263 cfm) minimize noise, decreased four residences (25%; p 0.229). A slight decrease was also observed room. As world confronts both new variants limited vaccination rates, our supports practical reduce presence viral aerosols real-world setting.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
37
Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 10(1), С. 6 - 13
Опубликована: Дек. 2, 2022
Air disinfection using germicidal ultraviolet light (GUV) has received increasing attention during the COVID-19 pandemic. GUV uses UVC lamps to inactivate microorganisms, but it also initiates photochemistry in air. However, GUV's indoor-air-quality impact not been investigated detail. Here, we model chemistry initiated by at 254 ("GUV254") or 222 nm ("GUV222") a typical indoor setting for different ventilation levels. Our analysis shows that GUV254, usually installed upper room, can significantly photolyze O3, generating OH radicals oxidize volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into more oxidized VOCs. Secondary aerosol (SOA) is formed as VOC-oxidation product. GUV254-induced SOA formation of order 0.1–1 μg/m3 cases studied here. GUV222 (described some harmless humans and thus applicable whole room) with same effective virus-removal rate makes smaller mid-to-high rates. This mainly because lower UV irradiance needed less efficient OH-generating O3 photolysis than GUV254. higher GUV254 under poor due small significant photochemical production nm, which does occur
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
37
Building and Environment, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 226, С. 109717 - 109717
Опубликована: Окт. 23, 2022
Despite the risk of transmission SARS-CoV-2, Spanish educational centers were reopened after six months lockdown. Ventilation was mostly adopted as a preventive measure to reduce virus. However, it could also affect indoor air quality (IAQ). Therefore, here we evaluate ventilation conditions, COVID-19 risk, and IAQ in secondary school university classrooms Toledo (central Spain) from November 2020 June 2021. examined by monitoring outdoor CO2 levels. CO2, occupancy hygrothermal parameters, allowed estimating relative SARS-CoV-2 (Alpha Omicron BA.1), Hr, under different scenarios, using web app COVID Riskairborne. Additionally, effect on evaluated measuring indoor/outdoor (I/O) concentration ratios O3, NO2, suspended particulate matter (PM). University classrooms, particularly mechanically ventilated one, presented better conditions than well thermal comfort conditions. The estimated Hr for ranged intermediate (with surgical masks) high (no masks, teacher infected). generally good all at ones, with I/O below unity, implying an origin gaseous pollutants, while source PM heterogeneous. Consequently, controlled mechanical systems are essential spaces, wearing well-fitting FFP2–N95 masks indoors is highly recommended minimize other airborne infectious diseases.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
35