Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
38(2), С. 279 - 288
Опубликована: Янв. 29, 2019
Chemical
contamination
of
natural
ecosystems
is
regarded
as
one
our
planet's
greatest
threats
(Landrigan
et
al.
2018).Contaminant-related
phenomena
such
malformed
frogs,
fish
with
tumors,
and
dwindling
bird
populations
increasingly
fuel
societal
concerns.Legislation
in
North
America
Europe
mandates
the
assessment
reduction
risk
for
thousands
commercially
important
chemical
substances
used
by
society
released
into
environment.For
example,
large-scale
efforts
Chemicals
Management
Plan
Canada,
European
Union's
Registration,
Evaluation,
Authorisation
Restriction
(REACH)
program,
US
Environmental
Protection
Agency's
(USEPA's)
ToxCast
program
under
Toxic
Substances
Control
Act
(1976)
were
implemented
to
address
legislative
obligations
identify,
prioritize,
take
action
on
chemicals
found
be
harmful.However,
these
regulatory
programs
face
significant
challenges.The
number
which
toxicity
data
are
required
tremendous
backlogged
(e.g.,
23
000
initially
Canada;
85
United
States;
upward
101
Union)
continues
grow
approximately
500
1000
new
each
year.In
addition,
regulations
Canada's
Wastewater
Systems
Effluent
Regulations
(section
36,
Fisheries
Act),
National
Pollutant
Discharge
Elimination
System,
Water
Framework
Directive
(2000/60/EC)
mandate
monitoring
municipal
industrial
effluents
regard
their
potential
impacts
aquatic
ecosystem
health.These
require
testing
complex
environmental
samples
water,
effluents,
sediments)
compliance;
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2017,
Номер
51(19), С. 11431 - 11439
Опубликована: Сен. 6, 2017
Most
controlled
toxicity
studies
use
single
chemical
exposures
that
do
not
represent
the
real
world
situation
of
complex
mixtures
known
and
unknown
natural
anthropogenic
substances.
In
present
study,
contaminant
cocktails
derived
from
blubber
polar
bears
(PB;
Ursus
maritimus)
killer
whales
(KW;
Orcinus
orca)
were
used
for
in
vitro
concentration-response
experiments
with
PB,
cetacean
seal
spp.
immune
cells
to
evaluate
effect
realistic
on
various
functions.
Cytotoxic
effects
PB
cocktail
occurred
at
lower
concentrations
than
KW
(1
vs
16
μg/mL),
likely
due
differences
profiles
adipose
each
species.
Similarly,
significant
reduction
lymphocyte
proliferation
much
(EC50:
0.94
6.06
μg/mL;
P
<
0.01),
whereas
caused
a
faster
decline
(slope:
2.9
1.7;
=
0.04).
Only
modulated
(NK)
cell
activity
neutrophil
monocyte
phagocytosis
concentration-
species-dependent
manner.
No
clear
sensitivity
emerged
when
comparing
cetaceans,
seals
PB.
Our
results
showing
levels
relative
compounds
suggest
previous
risk
assessments
underestimate
exposure
immunity.
using
blubber-derived
add
realism
confirm
immunotoxic
marine
mammals
face
environmental
contaminants.
Environmental Reviews,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
30(2), С. 245 - 267
Опубликована: Дек. 7, 2021
Contaminant
levels
and
trends
have
been
monitored
in
the
eggs
of
seabirds
from
Canadian
Arctic
since
1975.
Nearly
50
years
monitoring
provided
key
information
regarding
temporal
spatial
variation
various
contaminant
classes
different
seabird
species.
However,
previous
work
has
primarily
assessed
individual
or
related
isolation.
There
is
therefore
a
need
to
collectively
consider
all
contaminants
determine
where
successful,
find
areas
for
improvement,
identify
opportunities
future
research.
In
this
review,
we
evaluated
data
major
legacy
emerging
concern
five
species
three
High
Low
colonies
Canada.
We
review
history
Canada’s
egg
program
discuss
how
efforts
changed
over
time;
summarize
temporal,
spatial,
interspecies
variations
contamination
important
knowledge
gaps;
and,
directions
ecotoxicology
research
using
Ultimately,
paper
provides
high-level
overview
underscores
importance
long-term
continued
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2016,
Номер
50(6), С. 3265 - 3274
Опубликована: Фев. 19, 2016
In
vitro
screening
tools
and
'omics
methods
are
increasingly
being
incorporated
into
toxicity
studies
to
determine
mechanistic
effects
of
chemicals
mixtures.
To
date,
the
majority
these
have
been
conducted
with
well-characterized
laboratory
animal
models.
present
study,
well-established
developed
for
chicken
embryonic
hepatocyte
(CEH)
were
extended
a
wild
avian
species,
double-crested
cormorant
(DCCO;
Phalacrocorax
auritus),
in
order
compare
several
environmental
contaminants
on
cytotoxicity,
ethoxyresorufin
O-deethylase
(EROD)
activity,
mRNA
expression.
Five
organic
flame
retardants
one
plasticizer
decreased
viability
similar
manner
that
observed
previous
CEH.
EROD
activity
was
induced
concentration-dependent
following
exposure
two
dioxin-like
calculated
EC50
values
concordant
domestic
species
from
sensitivity
categories.
Transcriptomic
determined
using
novel
DCCO
PCR
array,
which
designed,
constructed
validated
our
based
commercially
available
array.
The
array
has
27
target
genes
covering
wide
range
pathways.
Gene
profiles
variable
among
10
screened;
however,
good
directional
concordance
regard
results
previously
obtained
Overall,
application
(i.e.,
CEH
array)
demonstrated
portability
techniques
an
indicator
ecological
relevance.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
53(15), С. 9192 - 9202
Опубликована: Июль 5, 2019
Recent
contaminant
monitoring
in
boreal
wetlands
situated
Alberta's
Athabasca
oil
sands
region
revealed
increased
concentrations
of
polycyclic
aromatic
compounds
(PACs)
passive
sampling
devices
deployed
close
to
bitumen
surface
mining
operations.
In
this
study,
graded
semipermeable
membrane
device
(SPMD)
extracts,
collected
from
4
with
variable
burdens
PACs,
were
administered
chicken
and
double-crested
cormorant
(DCCO)
embryonic
hepatocytes
determine
effects
on
7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase
(EROD)
activity
mRNA
expression.
Concentrations
composition
PACs
detected
SPMDs
varied
among
sites,
the
proportion
alkyl
was
greater
than
parent
at
all
sites.
ΣPACs
highest
within
10
km
(near-site
wetland
[5930
ng
SPMD-1])
compared
those
∼50
south
(far-site
[689
SPMD-1]).
Measures
EROD
Cyp1a4
expression
allowed
ranking
sites
based
aryl
hydrocarbon
receptor-mediated
end
points;
induction
near-site
wetland.
ToxChip
PCR
arrays
(one
one
DCCO)
provided
a
more
exhaustive
transcriptomic
evaluation
across
multiple
toxicological
pathways
following
exposure
SPMD
extracts.
Study
greatest
PAC
had
most
genes
altered
(12-15/43
genes).
Exposure
avian
extracts
variably
contaminated
highlighted
traditional
PAC-related
toxicity
as
well
other
novel
mechanisms
action.
A
combination
techniques
high-throughput
shows
promise
terms
identifying
hotspots
chemical
concern
natural
environment.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
55(11), С. 7521 - 7530
Опубликована: Май 13, 2021
Increasing
pollution
in
the
Arctic
poses
challenges
terms
of
geographical
and
ecological
monitoring.
The
Baffin
Bay-Davis
Strait
(BBDS)
region
Canadian
Archipelago
is
particular
concern
due
to
potential
for
increased
shipping
traffic
oil
exploration.
However,
data
on
background
contaminants
associated
with
exploration/spills/natural
seeps
(e.g.,
polycyclic
aromatic
compounds
[PAC])
measures
effects
birds
are
limited.
We
developed
a
toxicogenomics
approach
investigate
gene
expression
profiles
two
Arctic-breeding
seabirds,
thick-billed
murre
(Uria
lomvia)
black
guillemot
(Cepphus
grylle),
which
will
aid
effects-based
monitoring
efforts.
Chemical
burdens
(53
PACs
5
trace
elements)
transcriptomic
(31
genes
using
ToxChip
PCR
array)
were
examined
liver
tissues
(n
=
30)
each
species
collected
from
Qaqulluit
Akpait
National
Wildlife
Areas
BBDS
region.
While
chemical
demonstrated
low
variability
across
individuals
species,
signatures
able
distinguish
guillemots
distinct
colonies.
This
provides
benchmark
seabirds
promising
future
efforts
strategic
environmental
assessments
this
sensitive
ecosystem
areas
elsewhere
circumpolar
that
undergoing
change.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2017,
Номер
51(10), С. 5783 - 5792
Опубликована: Апрель 28, 2017
Petroleum
coke
or
"petcoke"
is
a
granular
carbonaceous
material
produced
during
the
upgrading
of
heavy
crude
oils,
including
bitumen.
Petcoke
dust
was
recently
reported
as
an
environmental
contaminant
in
Athabasca
oil
sands
region,
but
ecotoxicological
hazards
posed
by
this
complex
bitumen-derived
material-including
those
to
avian
species-have
not
been
characterized.
In
study,
solvent
extracts
(x)
delayed
and
fluid
petcoke
(xDP
xFP)
were
prepared
dissolved
dimethyl
sulfoxide.
A
water-accommodated
fraction
(waDP)
also
prepared.
Graded
concentrations
xDP,
xFP,
waDP
administered
chicken
double-crested
cormorant
hepatocytes
determine
effects
on
7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase
(EROD)
activity,
porphyrin
accumulation,
mRNA
expression.
Polycyclic
aromatic
compounds
(PACs)
characterized,
had
total
PAC
93
000,
270,
5.3
ng/mL.
The
rank
order
biochemical
transcriptomic
responses
xDP
>
xFP
(e.g.,
EROD
EC50s
lower
for
compared
waDP).
22,
18,
4
genes
altered
following
exposure
highest
waDP,
respectively,
using
PCR
array
comprising
27
AhR-related
genes.
To
provide
more
exhaustive
coverage
potential
toxicity
pathways
being
impacted,
two
ToxChip
arrays-chicken
cormorant-were
utilized,
expression
than
xFP.
Traditional
PAC-related
novel
mechanisms
action
identified
species
extract
exposure.
Extrapolation
real-world
scenarios
must
consider
bioavailability
extracted
PACs
exposed
organisms.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2016,
Номер
50(5), С. 2318 - 2327
Опубликована: Фев. 8, 2016
We
report
on
two
highly
brominated
polyphenyl
ether
flame
retardants,
tetradecabromo-1,4-
diphenoxybenzene
(TeDB-DiPhOBz)
and
2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-decabromodiphenyl
(BDE-209),
that
formed
photolytic
degradation
products
in
tetrahydrofuran
(THF)/hexane
solvent
after
21
days
of
natural
sunlight
irradiation
(SI).
These
SI-TeDB-DiPhOBz
SI-BDE-209
included
the
numerous
polybrominated
homologue
groups
polybenzofurans
dibenzofurans,
respectively.
Formation
similar
polybenzofuran
dibenzofuran
was
also
observed
following
a
3
month
exposure
solid
powder
forms
TeDB-DiPhOBz
BDE-209
to
SI.
resulting
product
mixtures
were
administered
chicken
embryonic
hepatocytes
(CEH)
determine
effects
mRNA
expression
levels
27
dioxin-responsive
genes.
For
solvent-based
SI
study,
equivalent
concentrations
1
or
25
μM
10
resulted
gene
profiles
those
most
potent
dioxin-like
compound,
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
In
addition,
concentration-dependent
induction
CYP1A4
CYP1A5
SI-BDE-209.
Based
ECthreshold
values
for
CYP1A4/5
expression,
relative
potency
(ReP)
×
10–6
10–5
SI-BDE-209,
The
mixture
significantly
induced
CEH.
Our
findings
clearly
show
environmental
stability
BDE-209,
possibly
other
ethers,
is
great
concern
from
toxicity
perspective.