Electrocatalysis as an enabling technology for organic synthesis

Chemical Society Reviews, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 50(14), С. 7941 - 8002

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2021

Electrochemistry has recently gained increased attention as a versatile strategy for achieving challenging transformations at the forefront of synthetic organic chemistry. Electrochemistry's unique ability to generate highly reactive radical and ion intermediates in controlled fashion under mild conditions inspired development number new electrochemical methodologies preparation valuable chemical motifs. Particularly, recent developments electrosynthesis have featured an use redox-active electrocatalysts further enhance control over selective formation downstream reactivity these intermediates. Furthermore, electrocatalytic mediators enable proceed manner that is mechanistically distinct from purely methods, allowing subversion kinetic thermodynamic obstacles encountered conventional synthesis. This review highlights key innovations within past decade area electrocatalysis, with emphasis on mechanisms catalyst design principles underpinning advancements. A host oxidative reductive are discussed grouped according classification transformation nature electrocatalyst.

Язык: Английский

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Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis

Chemical Reviews, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 122(2), С. 2487 - 2649

Опубликована: Ноя. 9, 2021

Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do and catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) enable bond formations not constrained by rules ionic 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they 1e mechanisms capable bypassing electronic steric limitations protecting group requirements, thus enabling chemists disconnect molecules in new different ways. However, while providing similar intermediates, differ several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key designing transformations forging disconnections. This review aims highlight these similarities between comparing their underlying principles describing impact electrochemical photochemical methods.

Язык: Английский

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Electrochemically Enabled, Nickel-Catalyzed Dehydroxylative Cross-Coupling of Alcohols with Aryl Halides

Journal of the American Chemical Society, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 143(9), С. 3536 - 3543

Опубликована: Фев. 23, 2021

As alcohols are ubiquitous throughout chemical science, this functional group represents a highly attractive starting material for forging new C–C bonds. Here, we demonstrate that the combination of anodic preparation alkoxy triphenylphosphonium ion and nickel-catalyzed cathodic reductive cross-coupling provides an efficient method to construct C(sp2)–C(sp3) bonds, in which free aryl bromides—both readily available chemicals—can be directly used as coupling partners. This paired electrolysis reaction features broad substrate scope bearing wide gamut functionalities, was illustrated by late-stage arylation several structurally complex natural products pharmaceuticals.

Язык: Английский

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Multicomponent reactions and photo/electrochemistry join forces: atom economy meets energy efficiency

Chemical Society Reviews, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 51(6), С. 2313 - 2382

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2022

Visible-light photoredox catalysis has been regarded as an extremely powerful tool in organic chemistry, bringing the spotlight back to radical processes. The versatility of photocatalyzed reactions already demonstrated be effective providing alternative routes for cross-coupling well multicomponent reactions. photocatalyst allows generation high-energy intermediates through light irradiation rather than using highly reactive reagents or harsh reaction conditions. In a similar vein, electrochemistry experienced fruitful renaissance generating without need any catalyst. Such milder approaches pose basis toward higher selectivity and broader applicability. electrochemical reactions, species acts starter cascade events. This diverse reactivity use is usually not covered by classical methods. Owing availability cheaper more standardized photo- reactors, easily scalable flow-setups, it surprising that these two fields have become areas increased research interest. Keeping view, this review aimed at overview synthetic design MCRs involving and/or activation crucial step with particular focus on choice difunctionalized reagent.

Язык: Английский

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Recent progress in cathodic reduction-enabled organic electrosynthesis: Trends, challenges, and opportunities

eScience, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 2(3), С. 243 - 277

Опубликована: Апрель 23, 2022

Compared with general redox chemistry, electrochemistry using the electron as a potent, controllable, yet traceless alternative to chemical oxidants/reductants usually offers more sustainable options for achieving selective organic synthesis. With its environmentally benign features gradually being uncovered and studied, electrosynthesis is currently undergoing revival becoming rapidly growing area within synthetic community. Among electrochemical transformations, anodically enabled ones have been far extensively exploited than those driven by cathodic reduction, although both approaches are conceptually attractive. To stimulate development of cathodically reactions, this review summarizes recently developed reductive electrosynthetic protocols, discussing highlighting reaction features, substrate scopes, applications, plausible mechanisms reveal recent trends in area. Herein, reduction-enabled preparative transformations categorized into four types: reduction (1) unsaturated hydrocarbons, (2) heteroatom-containing carbon-based systems, (3) saturated C-hetero or C–C polar/strained bonds, (4) hetero-hetero linkages. Apart from net electroreductive few examples photo-electrosynthesis well paired electrolysis also introduced, which offer opportunities overcome certain limitations improve versatility. The electrochemically driven, transition metal-catalyzed cross-couplings that comprehensively discussed several other reviews not included here.

Язык: Английский

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Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization

Chemical Reviews, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 123(19), С. 11269 - 11335

Опубликована: Сен. 26, 2023

Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate development medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform transformation organic compounds. Over past decade, electrochemical late-stage (eLSF) gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.

Язык: Английский

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Electrochemical Ring-Opening Dicarboxylation of Strained Carbon–Carbon Single Bonds with CO₂: Facile Synthesis of Diacids and Derivatization into Polyesters

Journal of the American Chemical Society, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 144(5), С. 2062 - 2068

Опубликована: Янв. 27, 2022

Diacids are important monomers in the polymer industry to construct valuable materials. Dicarboxylation of unsaturated bonds, such as alkenes and alkynes, with CO2 has been demonstrated a promising synthetic method. However, dicarboxylation C─C single bonds rarely investigated. Herein we report novel electrochemical ring-opening strained rings CO2. Structurally diverse glutaric acid adipic derivatives were synthesized from substituted cyclopropanes cyclobutanes moderate high yields. In contrast oxidative ring openings, this is also first realization an electroreductive reaction rings, including commercialized ones. Control experiments suggested that radical anions carbanions might be key intermediates reaction. Moreover, process features step atom economy, mild conditions (1 atm, room temperature), good chemoselectivity functional group tolerance, low electrolyte concentration, easy derivatization products. Furthermore, conducted polymerization corresponding diesters diols obtain potential UV-shielding material self-healing function fluorine-containing polyester, whose performance tests showed applications.

Язык: Английский

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Facile and general electrochemical deuteration of unactivated alkyl halides

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13(1)

Опубликована: Июнь 30, 2022

Abstract Herein, a facile and general electroreductive deuteration of unactivated alkyl halides (X = Cl, Br, I) or pseudo-halides OMs) using D 2 O as the economical deuterium source was reported. In addition to primary secondary halides, sterically hindered tertiary chlorides also work very well, affording target deuterodehalogenated products with excellent efficiency incorporation. More than 60 examples are provided, including late-stage dehalogenative natural products, pharmaceuticals, their derivatives, all incorporation (up 99% D), demonstrating potential utility developed method in organic synthesis. Furthermore, does not require external catalysts tolerates high current, showing possible use industrial applications.

Язык: Английский

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A guide to organic electroreduction using sacrificial anodes

Chemical Society Reviews, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 52(4), С. 1168 - 1188

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

This review focuses on recent advances in sacrificial anode-enabled organic electroreductions.

Язык: Английский

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Electroreductive Dicarboxylation of Unactivated Skipped Dienes with CO₂

Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 62(23)

Опубликована: Апрель 3, 2023

Carboxylation of easily available alkenes with CO2 is highly important to afford value-added carboxylic acids. Although dicarboxylation activated alkenes, especially 1,3-dienes, has been widely investigated, the challenging unactivated 1,n-dienes (n>3) remains unexplored. Herein, we report first skipped dienes via electrochemistry, affording valuable dicarboxylic Control experiments and DFT calculations support single electron transfer (SET) reduction its radical anion, which followed by sluggish addition SET unstabilized alkyl radicals carbanions nucleophilic attack on give desired products. This reaction features mild conditions, broad substrate scope, facile derivations products promising application in polymer chemistry.

Язык: Английский

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