Each
day
people
are
exposed
to
millions
of
bioaerosols,
including
whole
microorganisms,
which
can
have
both
beneficial
and
detrimental
effects.
The
next
chapter
in
understanding
the
airborne
microbiome
built
environment
is
characterizing
various
sources
microorganisms
relative
contribution
each.
We
identified
following
eight
major
categories
bacteria,
viruses,
fungi
environment:
humans;
pets;
plants;
plumbing
systems;
heating,
ventilation,
air-conditioning
mold;
dust
resuspension;
outdoor
environment.
Certain
species
associated
with
certain
sources,
but
full
potential
source
characterization
apportionment
has
not
yet
been
realized.
Ideally,
future
studies
will
quantify
detailed
emission
rates
from
each
identify
indoor
air
microbiome.
This
information
could
then
be
used
probe
fundamental
relationships
between
specific
human
health,
design
interventions
improve
building
health
or
even
provide
evidence
for
forensic
investigations.
Humans
are
virtually
identical
in
their
genetic
makeup,
yet
the
small
differences
our
DNA
give
rise
to
tremendous
phenotypic
diversity
across
human
population.
By
contrast,
metagenome
of
microbiome—the
total
content
microbes
inhabiting
bodies—is
quite
a
bit
more
variable,
with
only
third
its
constituent
genes
found
majority
healthy
individuals.
Understanding
this
variability
“healthy
microbiome”
has
thus
been
major
challenge
microbiome
research,
dating
back
at
least
1960s,
continuing
through
Human
Microbiome
Project
and
beyond.
Cataloguing
necessary
sufficient
sets
features
that
support
health,
normal
ranges
these
populations,
is
an
essential
first
step
identifying
correcting
microbial
configurations
implicated
disease.
Toward
goal,
several
population-scale
studies
have
documented
both
taxonomic
compositions
functional
potentials
normally
observed
microbiomes
along
possible
driving
factors
such
as
geography,
diet,
lifestyle.
Here,
we
review
definitions
‘healthy
microbiome’
emerged,
current
understanding
diversity,
gaps
characterization
molecular
function
development
ecological
therapies
be
addressed
future.
Annual Review of Entomology,
Год журнала:
2014,
Номер
60(1), С. 17 - 34
Опубликована: Окт. 23, 2014
All
insects
are
colonized
by
microorganisms
on
the
insect
exoskeleton,
in
gut
and
hemocoel,
within
cells.
The
microbiota
is
generally
different
from
external
environment,
including
ingested
food.
Specifically,
certain
microbial
taxa
favored
conditions
resources
habitat,
their
tolerance
of
immunity,
specific
mechanisms
for
transmission.
resident
can
promote
fitness
contributing
to
nutrition,
especially
providing
essential
amino
acids,
B
vitamins,
and,
fungal
partners,
sterols.
Some
protect
hosts
against
pathogens,
parasitoids,
other
parasites
synthesizing
toxins
or
modifying
immune
system.
Priorities
future
research
include
elucidation
contributions
detoxification,
plant
allelochemicals
phytophagous
insects,
resistance
pathogens;
as
well
role
among-insect
communication;
potential
value
manipulation
control
pests.
Autism
spectrum
disorders
(ASDs)
are
neurodevelopmental
conditions
characterized
by
social
and
behavioural
impairments.
In
addition
to
neurological
symptoms,
ASD
subjects
frequently
suffer
from
gastrointestinal
abnormalities,
thus
implying
a
role
of
the
gut
microbiota
in
pathophysiology.
Here,
we
bacterial
fungal
cohort
autistic
individuals
demonstrating
presence
an
altered
microbial
community
structure.
A
fraction
90%
were
classified
as
severe
ASDs.
We
found
significant
increase
Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes
ratio
due
reduction
Bacteroidetes
relative
abundance.
At
genus
level,
observed
decrease
abundance
Alistipes,
Bilophila,
Dialister,
Parabacteroides,
Veillonella
cohort,
while
Collinsella,
Corynebacterium,
Dorea,
Lactobacillus
significantly
increased.
Constipation
has
been
then
associated
with
different
patterns
neurotypical
subjects,
constipated
high
levels
taxa
belonging
Escherichia/Shigella
Clostridium
cluster
XVIII.
also
that
Candida
was
more
than
double
yet
larger
dispersion
values,
this
difference
only
partially
significant.
The
finding
that,
besides
microbiota,
mycobiota
contributes
alteration
intestinal
structure
ASDs
opens
possibility
for
new
potential
intervention
strategies
aimed
at
relief
symptoms
Most
studies
describing
the
human
gut
microbiome
in
healthy
and
diseased
states
have
emphasized
bacterial
component,
but
fungal
(i.e.,
mycobiome)
is
beginning
to
gain
recognition
as
a
fundamental
part
of
our
microbiome.
To
date,
mycobiome
primarily
been
disease
centric
or
small
cohorts
individuals.
contribute
existing
knowledge
mycobiome,
we
investigated
Human
Microbiome
Project
(HMP)
cohort
by
sequencing
Internal
Transcribed
Spacer
2
(ITS2)
region
well
18S
rRNA
gene.Three
hundred
seventeen
HMP
stool
samples
were
analyzed
ITS2
sequencing.
Fecal
diversity
was
significantly
lower
comparison
diversity.
Yeast
dominated
samples,
comprising
eight
top
15
most
abundant
genera.
Specifically,
communities
characterized
high
prevalence
Saccharomyces,
Malassezia,
Candida,
with
S.
cerevisiae,
M.
restricta,
C.
albicans
operational
taxonomic
units
(OTUs)
present
96.8,
88.3,
80.8%
respectively.
There
degree
inter-
intra-volunteer
variability
communities.
However,
OTUs
found
92.2,
78.3,
63.6%
volunteers,
respectively,
all
donated
over
an
approximately
1-year
period.
Metagenomic
gene
data
agreed
results;
however,
provided
greater
resolution
relatively
low
abundance
constituents.Compared
communities,
yeast
including
Candida.
Both
high,
revealing
that
unlike
individual's
no
more
similar
itself
time
than
another
person's.
Nonetheless,
several
species
persisted
across
majority
evidence
core
may
exist.
membership
compared
metagenomic
data,
suggesting
it
sensitive
method
for
studying
samples.
