Pupil dilation as an index of effort in cognitive control tasks: A review

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 25(6), С. 2005 - 2015

Опубликована: Фев. 12, 2018

Pupillometry research has experienced an enormous revival in the last two decades. Here we briefly review surge of recent studies on task-evoked pupil dilation context cognitive control tasks with primary aim being to evaluate feasibility using as index effort exertion, rather than task demand or difficulty. Our shows that across three domains updating, switching, and inhibition, increases demands typically leads dilation. Studies show a diverging pattern respect relationship between performance how account can provide explanation these findings. We also discuss future directions further corroborate this theories their potential neurobiological substrates.

Язык: Английский

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NAD+ metabolism: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 5(1)

Опубликована: Окт. 7, 2020

Abstract Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) and its metabolites function as critical regulators to maintain physiologic processes, enabling the plastic cells adapt environmental changes including nutrient perturbation, genotoxic factors, circadian disorder, infection, inflammation xenobiotics. These effects are mainly achieved by driving effect of NAD on metabolic pathways enzyme cofactors transferring hydrogen in oxidation-reduction reactions. Besides, multiple -dependent enzymes involved physiology either post-synthesis chemical modification DNA, RNA proteins, or releasing second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) NAADP . Prolonged disequilibrium metabolism disturbs physiological functions, resulting diseases diseases, cancer, aging neurodegeneration disorder. In this review, we summarize recent advances our understanding molecular mechanisms -regulated responses stresses, contribution deficiency various via manipulating cellular communication networks potential new avenues for therapeutic intervention.

Язык: Английский

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Anthropogenic ecosystem disturbance and the recovery debt

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 8(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 20, 2017

Abstract Ecosystem recovery from anthropogenic disturbances, either without human intervention or assisted by ecological restoration, is increasingly occurring worldwide. As ecosystems progress through recovery, it important to estimate any resulting deficit in biodiversity and functions. Here we use data 3,035 sampling plots worldwide, quantify the interim reduction of functions during process (that is, ‘recovery debt’). Compared with reference levels, recovering run annual deficits 46–51% for organism abundance, 27–33% species diversity, 32–42% carbon cycling 31–41% nitrogen cycling. Our results are consistent across biomes but not degrading factors. suggest that restored have less diversity than ‘undisturbed’ ecosystems, even if complete reached, an debt will accumulate. Under such circumstances, increasing quantity less-functional restoration offsetting inadequate alternatives ecosystem protection.

Язык: Английский

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Changes in human footprint drive changes in species extinction risk

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 9(1)

Опубликована: Окт. 30, 2018

Abstract Predicting how species respond to human pressure is essential anticipate their decline and identify appropriate conservation strategies. Both extinction risk change over time, but inter-relationship rarely considered in modelling. Here we measure the relationship between terrestrial footprint (HFP)—representing cumulative on environment—and of world’s mammals. We find values HFP across space, its are significantly correlated trends risk, with higher predictive importance than environmental or life-history variables. The anthropogenic conversion areas low (HFP < 3 out 50) most significant predictor there biogeographical variations. Our framework, calibrated past trends, can be used predict impact increasing biodiversity.

Язык: Английский

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Renewable energy, economic growth, human capital, and CO2 emission: an empirical analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 26(20), С. 20619 - 20630

Опубликована: Май 18, 2019

Язык: Английский

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Gene content evolution in the arthropods

Genome biology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 21(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 23, 2020

Abstract Background Arthropods comprise the largest and most diverse phylum on Earth play vital roles in nearly every ecosystem. Their diversity stems part from variations a conserved body plan, resulting recorded adaptive changes genome. Dissection of genomic record sequence change enables broad questions regarding genome evolution to be addressed, even across hyper-diverse taxa within arthropods. Results Using 76 whole sequences representing 21 orders spanning more than 500 million years arthropod evolution, we document gene protein domain content provide temporal phylogenetic context for interpreting these innovations. We identify many novel families that arose early arthropods during diversification insects into modern orders. reveal unexpected variation patterns DNA methylation examples family coincident with appearance notable phenotypic physiological adaptations such as flight, metamorphosis, sociality, chemoperception. Conclusions These analyses demonstrate how large-scale comparative genomics can new insights genotype phenotype map generate testable hypotheses about animal diversity.

Язык: Английский

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Gender gaps in urban mobility

Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 7(1)

Опубликована: Июнь 17, 2020

Abstract Mobile phone data have been extensively used to study urban mobility. However, studies based on gender-disaggregated large-scale are still lacking, limiting our understanding of gendered aspects mobility and ability design policies for gender equality. Here we from a perspective, combining commercial open datasets the city Santiago, Chile. We analyze call detail records large cohort anonymized mobile users reveal gap in mobility: women visit fewer unique locations than men, distribute their time less equally among such locations. Mapping this over administrative divisions, observe that wider is associated with lower income lack public private transportation options. Our results uncover complex interplay between patterns, socio-economic factors affordances, calling further research providing insights policymakers planners.

Язык: Английский

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Global-scale impact analysis of mine tailings dam failures: 1915–2020

Global Environmental Change, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 70, С. 102361 - 102361

Опубликована: Авг. 31, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Organic molecules with inverted gaps between first excited singlet and triplet states and appreciable fluorescence rates

Matter, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 4(5), С. 1654 - 1682

Опубликована: Март 19, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Vulnerabilities of protected lands in the face of climate and human footprint changes

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 12(1)

Опубликована: Март 12, 2021

Protected areas (PAs) play a pivotal role in maintaining viable populations of species and minimizing their habitat loss. Globally, there are currently over 200,000 PAs that cover approximately 15% land area. The post-2020 global biodiversity framework aims to expand this coverage 30% by 2030. However, focusing only on the percentage without evaluating effectiveness may fail achieve conservation goals. Here, we use multidimensional approach incorporating species, climate anthropogenic vulnerabilities assess threat levels 2500 China. We identify nearly 10% as most threatened China about one-fifth hotspots vulnerabilities. also find high instability vulnerability hotspots, suggesting an elevated likelihood species' extirpation therein. Our could be useful assessing resiliency protected lands selecting near optimal for future expansion.

Язык: Английский

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