Frontiers in Pharmacology,
Год журнала:
2014,
Номер
5
Опубликована: Июль 16, 2014
Both,
mammalian
cells
and
microbes
have
an
essential
need
for
iron,
which
is
required
many
metabolic
processes
microbial
pathogenicity.
In
addition,
cross-regulatory
interactions
between
iron
homeostasis
immune
function
are
evident.
Cytokines
the
acute
phase
protein
hepcidin
affect
leading
to
retention
of
metal
within
macrophages
hypoferremia.
This
considered
result
from
a
defense
mechanism
body
limit
availability
extracellular
pathogens
while
on
other
hand
reduction
circulating
results
in
development
anemia
inflammation.
Opposite,
erythropoiesis
inducing
hormone
erythropoietin
innate
responses
by
influencing
interferon-gamma
(IFN-γ)
mediated
(iron)
or
NF-kB
inducible
(erythropoietin)
effector
pathways
macrophages.
Thus,
loaded
with
lose
their
ability
kill
intracellular
via
IFN-γ
such
as
nitric
oxide
(NO)
formation.
Accordingly,
invaded
bacterium
Salmonella
enterica
serovar
Typhimurium
increase
expression
export
ferroportin
thereby
reducing
intramacrophage
bacteria
side
strengthening
anti-microbial
macrophage
increased
formation
NO
TNF-α.
certain
resistance
genes
natural
associated
(Nramp1)
lipocalin-2
exert
part
antimicrobial
activity
controlling
host
and/or
homeostasis.
Consequently,
pharmacological
dietary
modification
cellular
trafficking
enhances
but
may
susceptibility
compartment
vice
versa.
control
over
central
battlefield
host-pathogen
interplay
course
infectious
disease
favor
either
pathogenic
invader.
Virulence,
Год журнала:
2013,
Номер
4(2), С. 119 - 128
Опубликована: Фев. 7, 2013
The
polymorphic
fungus
Candida
albicans
is
a
member
of
the
normal
human
microbiome.
In
most
individuals,
C.
resides
as
lifelong,
harmless
commensal.
Under
certain
circumstances,
however,
can
cause
infections
that
range
from
superficial
skin
to
life-threatening
systemic
infections.
Several
factors
and
activities
have
been
identified
which
contribute
pathogenic
potential
this
fungus.
Among
them
are
molecules
mediate
adhesion
invasion
into
host
cells,
secretion
hydrolases,
yeast-to-hypha
transition,
contact
sensing
thigmotropism,
biofilm
formation,
phenotypic
switching
fitness
attributes.
Our
understanding
when
how
these
mechanisms
infection
has
significantly
increased
during
last
years.
addition,
novel
virulence
recently
discovered.
review
we
present
an
update
on
our
current
pathogenicity
important
pathogen.
Physiological Reviews,
Год журнала:
2015,
Номер
95(3), С. 749 - 784
Опубликована: Июнь 18, 2015
Zinc
is
involved
in
a
variety
of
biological
processes,
as
structural,
catalytic,
and
intracellular
intercellular
signaling
component.
Thus
zinc
homeostasis
tightly
controlled
at
the
whole
body,
tissue,
cellular,
subcellular
levels
by
number
proteins,
with
transporters
being
particularly
important.
In
metazoan,
two
transporter
families,
Zn
(ZnT)
Zrt-,
Irt-related
proteins
(ZIP)
function
mobilization
influx,
efflux,
compartmentalization/sequestration
across
membranes.
During
last
decades,
significant
progress
has
been
made
understanding
molecular
properties,
expression,
regulation,
cellular
physiological
roles
ZnT
ZIP
transporters,
which
underpin
multifarious
functions
zinc.
Moreover,
growing
evidence
indicates
that
malfunctioning
due
to
dysfunction
results
onset
progression
diseases.
This
review
summarizes
current
our
each
from
perspective
physiology
pathogenesis,
discussing
challenging
issues
their
structure
transport
mechanisms.
Clinical Microbiology Reviews,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
33(1)
Опубликована: Ноя. 12, 2019
Aspergillus
fumigatus
is
a
saprotrophic
fungus;
its
primary
habitat
the
soil.
In
ecological
niche,
fungus
has
learned
how
to
adapt
and
proliferate
in
hostile
environments.
This
capacity
helped
resist
survive
against
human
host
defenses
and,
further,
be
responsible
for
one
of
most
devastating
lung
infections
terms
morbidity
mortality.
Immunological Reviews,
Год журнала:
2015,
Номер
264(1), С. 182 - 203
Опубликована: Фев. 20, 2015
Summary
Macrophages
and
neutrophils
play
a
decisive
role
in
host
responses
to
intracellular
bacteria
including
the
agent
of
tuberculosis
(
TB
),
M
ycobacterium
as
they
represent
forefront
innate
immune
defense
against
bacterial
invaders.
At
same
time,
these
phagocytes
are
also
primary
targets
be
abused
cells.
Their
efficacy
contain
eliminate
.
decides
whether
patient
initially
becomes
infected
or
not.
However,
when
infection
chronic
even
latent
(as
case
)
despite
development
specific
activation,
have
important
effector
functions.
evolved
myriad
strategies
combat
with
such
These
include
induction
toxic
anti‐microbial
effectors
nitric
oxide
reactive
oxygen
intermediates,
stimulation
microbe
intoxication
mechanisms
via
acidification
metal
accumulation
phagolysosome,
restriction
microbe's
access
essential
nutrients
iron,
fatty
acids,
amino
production
peptides
cytokines,
along
autophagy
efferocytosis
pathogen.
On
other
hand,
,
prime
example
well‐adapted
facultative
bacterium,
has
learned
during
evolution
counter‐balance
host's
secure
survival
multiplication
within
this
otherwise
hostile
environment.
This
review
provides
an
overview
macrophages
directed
focus
on
Gaining
more
insights
knowledge
into
complex
network
host‐pathogen
interaction
will
identify
novel
target
sites
intervention
successfully
clear
at
time
rapidly
emerging
multi‐resistance
conventional
antibiotics.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2016,
Номер
7
Опубликована: Апрель 26, 2016
An
effective
resolution
program
may
be
able
to
prevent
the
progression
from
non-resolving
acute
inflammation
persistent
chronic
inflammation.
It
has
now
become
evident
that
coordinated
programs
initiate
shortly
after
inflammatory
responses
begin.
In
this
context,
several
mechanisms
provide
fine-tuning
of
and
create
a
favorable
environment
for
phase
take
place
homeostasis
return.
review,
we
focus
on
events
required
an
transition
proinflammatory
onset
establishment
resolution.
We
suggest
mediators
promote
can
simultaneously
active
Indeed,
enact
decrease
in
local
chemokine
concentration,
reduction
which
is
essential
inhibit
further
infiltration
neutrophils
into
tissue.
Interestingly,
although
are
cells
characteristically
participate
inflammation,
they
also
contribute
Further
understanding
molecular
instrumental
develop
pro-resolution
strategies
treat
complex
diseases
humans.
The
efforts
based
have
shaped
new
area
pharmacology
referred
as
'resolution
pharmacology'.
