Scientific Reports,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
14(1)
Опубликована: Ноя. 1, 2024
Fear
generalization
plays
a
major
role
in
the
acquisition
and
maintenance
of
anxiety
disorders.
In
fear
generalization,
conditioned
responses
are
observed
for
novel
stimuli
sharing
perceptually
or
conceptually
similar
properties
with
stimulus
(CS).
The
reinforcement
rates
unconditioned
(UCS)
impact
generalization.
can
be
studied
using
category-based
conditioning
paradigm,
where
individuals
to
members
category
rather
than
single
stimulus.
current
study
explored
effect
UCS
(i.e.,
continuous
partial)
on
conceptual
due
similarity
visual
aversive
UCS.
CSs
were
exemplars
from
four
categories,
i.e.,
animals,
insects,
household
appliances,
tools.
Thirty
healthy
participants
underwent
presented
varying
levels
(100%,
62.5%,
37.5%).
Subsequently,
was
tested
unreinforced
each
category.
A
significant
expectancy
CS-UCS
contingency
ratings
observed.
increased
increasing
certainty
occurrence
phase.
Our
results
may
help
understand
how
generalizes
related
based
occurrence.
Physiological Reviews,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
104(3), С. 1205 - 1263
Опубликована: Март 14, 2024
Stress
resilience
is
the
phenomenon
that
some
people
maintain
their
mental
health
despite
exposure
to
adversity
or
show
only
temporary
impairments
followed
by
quick
recovery.
Resilience
research
attempts
unravel
factors
and
mechanisms
make
possible
harness
its
insights
for
development
of
preventative
interventions
in
individuals
at
risk
acquiring
stress-related
dysfunctions.
Biological
has
been
lagging
behind
psychological
social
sciences
but
seen
a
massive
surge
recent
years.
At
same
time,
progress
this
field
hampered
methodological
challenges
related
finding
suitable
operationalizations
study
designs,
replicating
findings,
modeling
animals.
We
embed
review
behavioral,
neuroimaging,
neurobiological,
systems
biological
findings
adults
critical
methods
discussion.
find
preliminary
evidence
hippocampus-based
pattern
separation
prefrontal-based
cognitive
control
functions
protect
against
pathological
fears
aftermath
singular,
event-type
stressors
[as
found
fear-related
disorders,
including
simpler
forms
posttraumatic
stress
disorder
(PTSD)]
facilitating
perception
safety.
Reward
system-based
pursuit
savoring
positive
reinforcers
appear
more
generalized
dysfunctions
anxious-depressive
spectrum
resulting
from
severe
longer-lasting
(as
depression,
comorbid
anxiety,
PTSD).
Links
between
preserved
functioning
these
neural
under
neuroplasticity,
immunoregulation,
gut
microbiome
composition,
integrity
barrier
blood-brain
are
beginning
emerge.
On
basis,
avenues
pointed
out.
Neurobiology of Stress,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
30, С. 100615 - 100615
Опубликована: Фев. 8, 2024
Stress
can
powerfully
influence
the
way
we
form
memories,
particularly
extent
to
which
they
are
integrated
or
situated
within
an
underlying
spatiotemporal
and
broader
knowledge
architecture.
These
different
representations
in
turn
have
significant
consequences
for
use
these
memories
guide
later
behavior.
Puzzlingly,
although
stress
has
historically
been
argued
promote
fragmentation,
leading
disjoint
memory
representations,
more
recent
work
suggests
that
also
facilitate
binding
integration.
Understanding
circumstances
under
fosters
integration
will
be
key
resolving
this
discrepancy
unpacking
mechanisms
by
shape
Here,
examine
at
multiple
levels:
linking
together
content
of
individual
experience,
threading
associations
between
related
but
distinct
events,
experience
into
a
pre-existing
schema
sense
causal
structure.
We
discuss
neural
cognitive
each
as
well
findings
regarding
how
stress,
aversive
learning,
negative
affect
modulate
each.
In
analysis,
uncover
indeed
level
show
may
apply
understanding
effects
alcohol,
highlighting
extant
clinical
preclinical
opportunities
further
investigation.
Finally,
consider
implications
fragmentation
memory-guided
behavior,
importance
type
representation
is
potentiated
order
design
appropriate
interventions.
Here,
we
follow
the
call
to
target
measurement
reliability
as
a
key
prerequisite
for
individual-level
predictions
in
translational
neuroscience
by
investigating
(1)
longitudinal
at
individual
and
(2)
group
level,
(3)
internal
consistency
(4)
response
predictability
across
experimental
phases.
One
hundred
twenty
individuals
performed
fear
conditioning
paradigm
twice
6
months
apart.
Analyses
of
skin
conductance
responses,
ratings
blood
oxygen
level
dependent
functional
magnetic
resonance
imaging
(BOLD
fMRI)
with
different
data
transformations
included
numbers
trials
were
conducted.
While
was
rather
limited
it
comparatively
higher
acquisition
but
not
extinction
level.
Internal
satisfactory.
Higher
responding
preceding
phases
predicted
subsequent
weak
moderate
depending
on
specifications.
In
sum,
results
suggest
that
while
are
meaningful
(very)
short
time
frames,
they
also
more
attention
properties
field.
Although
numerous
behavioural
constructs
have
been
proposed
to
account
for
anxiety
disorders,
how
these
develop
within
an
individual
has
difficult
predict.
In
this
perspective,
I
selectively
review
clinical
and
experimental
evidence
suggesting
that
avoidance
(i.e.,
safety)
behaviour
increases
beliefs
of
threat
or
fear.
The
replicated
times,
with
different
parameters,
shows
when
human
participants
emit
responses
in
the
presence
a
neutral
stimulus,
they
later
show
heightened
expectations
stimulus.
interpret
findings
as
resulting
from
prediction
errors
anticipated
by
Rescorla-Wagner
model,
although
other
animal
learning
theories
can
also
predict
phenomenon.
discuss
some
implications
offer
few
novel
predictions.
analysis
presented
here
sheds
light
on
phenomenon
theoretical
relevance
which
is
accommodated
basic
associative
theory.
