Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
4(1)
Опубликована: Окт. 11, 2019
Abstract
The
trillions
of
microorganisms
in
the
gut
microbiome
have
attracted
much
attention
recently
owing
to
their
sophisticated
and
widespread
impacts
on
numerous
aspects
host
pathophysiology.
Remarkable
progress
large-scale
sequencing
mass
spectrometry
has
increased
our
understanding
influence
and/or
its
metabolites
onset
progression
extraintestinal
cancers
efficacy
cancer
immunotherapy.
Given
plasticity
microbial
composition
function,
microbial-based
therapeutic
interventions,
including
dietary
modulation,
prebiotics,
probiotics,
as
well
fecal
transplantation,
potentially
permit
development
novel
strategies
for
therapy
improve
clinical
outcomes.
Herein,
we
summarize
latest
evidence
involvement
immunity
metabolism,
effects
immune
response,
modulate
microbiome,
discuss
ongoing
studies
future
areas
research
that
deserve
focused
efforts.
Physiological Reviews,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
100(1), С. 171 - 210
Опубликована: Сен. 5, 2019
Fatty
acids
are
metabolized
and
synthesized
as
energy
substrates
during
biological
responses.
Long-
medium-chain
fatty
derived
mainly
from
dietary
triglycerides,
short-chain
(SCFAs)
produced
by
gut
microbial
fermentation
of
the
otherwise
indigestible
fiber,
constitute
major
sources
free
(FFAs)
in
metabolic
network.
Recently,
increasing
evidence
indicates
that
FFAs
serve
not
only
but
also
natural
ligands
for
a
group
orphan
G
protein-coupled
receptors
(GPCRs)
termed
acid
(FFARs),
essentially
intertwining
metabolism
immunity
multiple
ways,
such
via
inflammation
regulation
secretion
peptide
hormones.
To
date,
several
FFARs
activated
various
chain
lengths
have
been
identified
characterized.
In
particular,
FFAR1
(GPR40)
FFAR4
(GPR120)
long-chain
saturated
unsaturated
acids,
while
FFAR3
(GPR41)
FFAR2
(GPR43)
SCFAs,
acetate,
butyrate,
propionate.
this
review,
we
discuss
recent
reports
on
key
physiological
functions
FFAR-mediated
signaling
transduction
pathways
immune
We
attempt
to
reveal
future
research
opportunities
developing
therapeutics
disorders.
Objective
Non-alcoholic
fatty
liver
disease
(NAFLD)-associated
hepatocellular
carcinoma
(HCC)
is
an
increasing
healthcare
burden
worldwide.
We
examined
the
role
of
dietary
cholesterol
in
driving
NAFLD–HCC
through
modulating
gut
microbiota
and
its
metabolites.
Design
High-fat/high-cholesterol
(HFHC),
high-fat/low-cholesterol
or
normal
chow
diet
was
fed
to
C57BL/6
male
littermates
for
14
months.
Cholesterol-lowering
drug
atorvastatin
administered
HFHC-fed
mice.
Germ-free
mice
were
transplanted
with
stools
from
different
diets
determine
direct
modulated-microbiota
NAFLD–HCC.
Gut
analysed
by
16S
rRNA
sequencing
serum
metabolites
liquid
chromatography–mass
spectrometry
(LC–MS)
metabolomic
analysis.
Faecal
microbial
compositions
59
hypercholesterolemia
patients
39
healthy
controls.
Results
High
led
sequential
progression
steatosis,
steatohepatitis,
fibrosis
eventually
HCC
mice,
concomitant
insulin
resistance.
Cholesterol-induced
formation
associated
dysbiosis.
The
composition
clustered
distinctly
along
stages
steatohepatitis
HCC.
Mucispirillum,
Desulfovibrio,
Anaerotruncus
Desulfovibrionaceae
increased
sequentially;
while
Bifidobacterium
Bacteroides
depleted
which
corroborated
human
hypercholesteremia
patients.
Dietary
induced
bacterial
alteration
including
taurocholic
acid
decreased
3-indolepropionic
acid.
gavaged
HFHC
manifested
hepatic
lipid
accumulation,
inflammation
cell
proliferation.
Moreover,
restored
cholesterol-induced
dysbiosis
completely
prevented
development.
Conclusions
drives
inducing
Cholesterol
inhibitory
therapy
manipulation
may
be
effective
strategies
prevention.
Frontiers in Nutrition,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
6
Опубликована: Апрель 17, 2019
The
difference
in
gut
microbiota
composition
between
individuals
following
vegan
or
vegetarian
diets
and
those
omnivorous
is
well
documented.
A
plant-based
diet
appears
to
be
beneficial
for
human
health
by
promoting
the
development
of
more
diverse
stable
microbial
systems.
Additionally,
vegans
vegetarians
have
significantly
higher
counts
certain
Bacteroidetes-related
operational
taxonomic
units
compared
omnivores.
Fibers
(that
is,
non-digestible
carbohydrates,
found
exclusively
plants)
most
consistently
increase
lactic
acid
bacteria,
such
as
Ruminococcus,
E.
rectale,
Roseburia,
reduce
Clostridium
Enterococcus
species.
Polyphenols,
also
abundant
plant
foods,
Bifidobacterium
Lactobacillus,
which
provide
anti-pathogenic
anti-inflammatory
effects
cardiovascular
protection.
High
fiber
intake
encourages
growth
species
that
ferment
into
metabolites
short-chain
fatty
acids
(SCFAs),
including
acetate,
propionate,
butyrate.
positive
SCFAs
are
myriad,
improved
immunity
against
pathogens,
blood-brain
barrier
integrity,
provision
energy
substrates,
regulation
critical
functions
intestine.
In
conclusion,
available
literature
suggests
a
vegetarian/vegan
effective
ecosystem
bacteria
support
both
microbiome
overall
health.
This
review
will
focus
on
different
nutrient
contents,
particularly
diets,
production
affecting
host
Nutrients,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
11(8), С. 1943 - 1943
Опубликована: Авг. 18, 2019
The
interplay
of
gut
microbiota,
host
metabolism,
and
metabolic
health
has
gained
increased
attention.
Gut
microbiota
may
play
a
regulatory
role
in
gastrointestinal
health,
substrate
peripheral
tissues
including
adipose
tissue,
skeletal
muscle,
liver,
pancreas
via
its
metabolites
short-chain
fatty
acids
(SCFA).
Animal
human
data
demonstrated
that,
particular,
acetate
beneficially
affects
energy
metabolism
secretion
the
hormones
like
glucagon-like
peptide-1
peptide
YY,
which,
thereby,
appetite,
reduction
whole-body
lipolysis,
systemic
pro-inflammatory
cytokine
levels,
an
increase
expenditure
fat
oxidation.
Thus,
potential
therapies
to
microbial
fermentation
production
have
been
under
vigorous
scientific
scrutiny.
In
this
review,
relevance
colonically
systemically
most
abundant
SCFA
effects
on
previously
mentioned
will
be
discussed
relation
body
weight
control
glucose
homeostasis.
We
discuss
detail
differential
oral
administration
(vinegar
intake),
colonic
infusions,
acetogenic
fiber,
probiotic
administrations
as
approaches
combat
obesity
comorbidities.
Notably,
are
scarce,
which
highlights
necessity
for
further
research
investigate
acetate’s
physiology,
metabolic,
cardiovascular
health.
The
human
gut
microbiome
is
a
complex
ecosystem,
densely
colonised
by
thousands
of
microbial
species.
It
varies
among
individuals
and
depends
on
host
genotype
environmental
factors,
such
as
diet
antibiotics.
In
this
review,
we
focus
stability
resilience
essential
ecological
characteristics
the
its
relevance
for
health.
Microbial
diversity,
metabolic
flexibility,
functional
redundancy,
microbe–microbe
host–microbe
interactions
seem
to
be
critical
maintaining
resilience.
equilibrium
ecosystem
can
disrupted
perturbations,
antibiotic
therapy,
causing
significant
decreases
in
richness
diversity
well
impacting
As
consequence,
unbalanced
states
or
even
unhealthy
stable
develop,
potentially
leading
supporting
diseases.
Accordingly,
strategies
have
been
developed
manipulate
order
prevent
revert
caused
including
faecal
microbiota
transplantation,
supplementation
with
probiotics
non-digestible
carbohydrates,
more
extensive
dietary
modifications.
Nevertheless,
an
increasing
number
studies
has
evidenced
interindividual
variability
extent
direction
response
which
attributed
unique
each
individual’s
microbiome.
From
clinical,
translational
perspective,
ability
improve
prior
restore
afterwards,
would
offer
benefits.
To
effective,
therapeutic
approach
will
likely
need
personalised
subgroup-based
understanding
individual
genetics,
diet,
other
factors
that
might
involved.
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
11
Опубликована: Март 17, 2021
The
human
gut
microbiome
is
a
huge
microbial
community
that
plays
an
irreplaceable
role
in
life.
With
the
further
development
of
research,
influence
intestinal
flora
on
diseases
has
been
gradually
excavated.
Gut
microbiota
(GM)
dysbiosis
adverse
health
effects
body
will
lead
to
variety
chronic
diseases.
underlying
mechanisms
GM
are
incredibly
complicated.
This
review
focuses
regulation
and
mechanism
neurodegenerative
diseases,
cardiovascular
metabolic
gastrointestinal
thus
providing
potential
target
for
prevention
treatment
disease.
