Leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans

Gut, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 68(8), С. 1516 - 1526

Опубликована: Май 10, 2019

The objectives of this review on ‘leaky gut’ for clinicians are to discuss the components intestinal barrier, diverse measurements permeability, their perturbation in non-inflammatory ‘stressed states’ and impact treatment with dietary factors. Information ‘healthy’ or ‘leaky’ gut public domain requires confirmation before endorsing exclusions, replacement non-irritating foods (such as fermented foods) use supplements repair damage. barrier includes surface mucus, epithelial layer immune defences. Epithelial permeability results from increased paracellular transport, apoptosis transcellular permeability. Barrier function can be tested vivo using orally administered probe molecules vitro mucosal biopsies humans, exposing colonic mucosa rats mice cell layers extracts stool human patients. Assessment beyond layer. ‘Stress’ disorders such endurance exercise, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs administration, pregnancy surfactants bile acids factors emulsifiers) increase Dietary reverse leakiness damage ‘stress’ disorders. Whereas inflammatory ulcerating diseases result leaky gut, no disease cured by simply normalising function. It is still unproven that restoring ameliorate clinical manifestations GI systemic diseases. Clinicians should aware potential dysfunction a target future therapy.

Язык: Английский

---

A complex human gut microbiome cultured in an anaerobic intestine-on-a-chip

Nature Biomedical Engineering, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 3(7), С. 520 - 531

Опубликована: Май 13, 2019

Язык: Английский

---

Intestinal Barrier and Permeability in Health, Obesity and NAFLD

Biomedicines, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 10(1), С. 83 - 83

Опубликована: Дек. 31, 2021

The largest surface of the human body exposed to external environment is gut. At this level, intestinal barrier includes luminal microbes, mucin layer, gastrointestinal motility and secretion, enterocytes, immune cells, gut vascular barrier, liver barrier. A healthy characterized by selective permeability nutrients, metabolites, water, bacterial products, processes are governed cellular, neural, immune, hormonal factors. Disrupted (leaky syndrome) can represent a predisposing or aggravating condition in obesity metabolically associated steatosis (nonalcoholic fatty disease, NAFLD). In what follows, we describe morphological-functional features role major modifiers discuss recent evidence pointing key obesity/NAFLD.

Язык: Английский

---

Ultra-processed foods and food additives in gut health and disease

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 21(6), С. 406 - 427

Опубликована: Фев. 22, 2024

Язык: Английский

---

Ultraprocessed Foods and Obesity Risk: A Critical Review of Reported Mechanisms

Advances in Nutrition, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14(4), С. 718 - 738

Опубликована: Апрель 18, 2023

Epidemiologic evidence supports a positive association between ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption and body mass index. This has led to recommendations avoid UPFs despite very limited establishing causality. Many mechanisms have been proposed, this review critically aimed evaluate selected possibilities for specificity, clarity, consistency related choice (i.e., low cost, shelf-life, packaging, hyperpalatability, stimulation of hunger/suppression fullness); composition macronutrients, texture, added sugar, fat salt, energy density, low-calorie sweeteners, additives); digestive processes oral processing/eating rate, gastric emptying time, gastrointestinal transit microbiome). For some purported (e.g., fiber content, emptying, intestinal time), data directly contrasting the effects UPF non-UPF intake on indices appetite, intake, adiposity are available do not support unique contribution UPFs. In other instances, microbiome additives) or insufficient macronutrient appetite stimulation) judge benefits versus risks avoidance. There yet evoked in which preponderance indicates ingredients actually moderate weight sweetener use management; beverage as it dilutes density; higher content because reduces glycemic responses). Because avoidance holds potential adverse reduced diet quality, increased risk poisoning, wastage), is imprudent make regarding their role diets before causality plausible verified.

Язык: Английский

---

Food additive emulsifiers and cancer risk: Results from the French prospective NutriNet-Santé cohort

PLoS Medicine, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 21(2), С. e1004338 - e1004338

Опубликована: Фев. 13, 2024

Background Emulsifiers are widely used food additives in industrially processed foods to improve texture and enhance shelf-life. Experimental research suggests deleterious effects of emulsifiers on the intestinal microbiota metabolome, leading chronic inflammation increasing susceptibility carcinogenesis. However, human epidemiological evidence investigating their association with cancer is nonexistent. This study aimed assess associations between additive risk a large population-based prospective cohort. Methods findings included 92,000 adults French NutriNet-Santé cohort without prevalent at enrolment (44.5 y [SD: 14.5], 78.8% female, 2009 2021). They were followed for an average 6.7 years 2.2]. Food emulsifier intakes estimated participants who provided least 3 repeated 24-h dietary records linked comprehensive, brand-specific composition databases additives. Multivariable Cox regressions conducted estimate incidence. Overall, 2,604 incident cases diagnosed during follow-up (including 750 breast, 322 prostate, 207 colorectal cancers). Higher mono- diglycerides fatty acids (FAs) (E471) associated higher risks overall (HR high vs. low category = 1.15; 95% CI [1.04, 1.27], p-trend 0.01), breast 1.24; [1.03, 1.51], 0.04), prostate 1.46; [1.09, 1.97], 0.02). In addition, observed total carrageenans (E407 E407a) 1.32; 1.60], 0.009) carrageenan (E407) 1.28; [1.06, 1.56], 0.01). No was detected any risk. Several other but not robust throughout sensitivity analyses. Main limitations include possible exposure measurement errors intake potential residual confounding observational design. Conclusions this cohort, we overall, These results need replication populations. provide new role Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03335644 .

Язык: Английский

---

The Detrimental Impact of Ultra-Processed Foods on the Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Barrier

Nutrients, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 17(5), С. 859 - 859

Опубликована: Фев. 28, 2025

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have become a widely consumed food category in modern diets. However, their impact on gut health is raising increasing concerns. This review investigates how UPFs the microbiome and barrier, emphasizing dysbiosis increased permeability. UPFs, characterized by high content of synthetic additives emulsifiers, low fiber content, are associated with decrease microbial diversity, lower levels beneficial bacteria like Akkermansia muciniphila Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, an increase pro-inflammatory microorganisms. These alterations community contribute to persistent inflammation, which various chronic disorders including metabolic syndrome, irritable bowel type 2 diabetes, colorectal cancer. In addition, may alter gut-brain axis, potentially affecting cognitive function mental health. Dietary modifications incorporating fiber, fermented foods, probiotics can help mitigate effects UPFs. Furthermore, public needs stricter regulations for banning along well-defined labels. Further studies necessary elucidate mechanisms connecting systemic illnesses, thereby informing evidence-based dietary guidelines.

Язык: Английский

---

Gut microbiota, dietary intakes and intestinal permeability reflected by serum zonulin in women

European Journal of Nutrition, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 57(8), С. 2985 - 2997

Опубликована: Июль 24, 2018

Increased gut permeability causes the trespass of antigens into blood stream which leads to inflammation. Gut reflected by serum zonulin and diversity microbiome were investigated in this cross-sectional study involving female participants with different activity BMI levels.102 women included (BMI range 13.24-46.89 kg m-2): Anorexia nervosa patients (n = 17), athletes 20), normal weight 25), overweight 21) obese 19). DNA was extracted from stool samples subjected 16S rRNA gene analysis (V1-V2). Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) used analyze data. Zonulin measured ELISA. Nutrient intake assessed repeated 24-h dietary recalls. We median concentration divide our a "high-zonulin" (> 53.64 ng/ml) "low-zonulin" (< group.The alpha-diversity (Shannon Index, Simpson equitability) beta-diversity (unweighted weighted UniFrac distances) not significantly between groups. concentrations correlated total calorie-, protein-, carbohydrate-, sodium- vitamin B12 intake. Linear discriminant effect size (LEfSe) identified Ruminococcaceae (LDA 4.163, p 0.003) Faecalibacterium 4.151, 0.0002) as more abundant low group.Butyrate-producing bacteria such Faecalibacteria could decrease lower The microbiota does seem be concentration. Further interventional studies are needed investigate mucosal context factors.

Язык: Английский

---

Food Additive Emulsifiers and Their Impact on Gut Microbiome, Permeability, and Inflammation: Mechanistic Insights in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Journal of Crohn s and Colitis, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 15(6), С. 1068 - 1079

Опубликована: Дек. 10, 2020

The global burden of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] has increased over the 21st century. Despite multiple studies investigating pathogenesis IBD, causative mechanisms pertaining to its prevalence remain unclear. There is growing evidence that aspects a 'Western diet' increase risk developing IBD. More recently, implicating dietary emulsifiers accumulated, with ecological showing positive correlation between and emulsifier consumption. Further these, cell animal have demonstrated plausible by which may contribute IBD through including: promotion pro-inflammatory intestinal microbiota; disruption mucus architecture; permeability; activation pathways; cycle. This review critically analyses current for these be pathological relevance evaluates recent trials, acknowledges challenges intervention studies, gives an overview ongoing future clinical trials in this important area.

Язык: Английский

---

Gut microbiota-mediated lysophosphatidylcholine generation promotes colitis in intestinal epithelium-specific Fut2 deficiency

Journal of Biomedical Science, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 28(1)

Опубликована: Март 15, 2021

Previous study disclosed Fucosyltransferase 2 (Fut2) gene as a IBD risk locus. This aimed to explore the mechanism of Fut2 in susceptibility and propose new strategy for treatment IBD.Intestinal epithelium-specific knockout (Fut2△IEC) mice was used. Colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The composition diversity gut microbiota were assessed via 16S rRNA analysis metabolomic findings obtained from feces metabolite profiling. fecal transplantation (FMT) experiment performed confirm association LPC. WT treated with Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) verify its impact on colitis.The expression α-1,2-fucosylation colonic tissues decreased patients UC (UC vs. control, P = 0.036) CD (CD 0.031). When DSS, comparison mice, more severe intestinal inflammation destructive barrier functions Fut2△IEC noted. Lower observed compared (p < 0.001). exposed bacterial altered obviously concentration LPC increased. FMT revealed that received exhibited colitis higher concentration. Correlation showed positively correlated four bacteria-Escherichia, Bilophila, Enterorhabdus Gordonibacter. Furthermore, proved promote release pro-inflammatory cytokines damage epithelial vitro vivo.Fut2 colon not only but also patients. Gut is structurally functionally, promoting generation which barrier.

Язык: Английский

---