The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 99(4), С. 1877 - 2013

Опубликована: Авг. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Язык: Английский

---

The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 81(4)

Опубликована: Ноя. 8, 2017

SUMMARY The human gut microbiota is engaged in multiple interactions affecting host health during the host's entire life span. Microbes colonize neonatal immediately following birth. establishment and interactive development of this early are believed to be (at least partially) driven modulated by specific compounds present milk. It has been shown that certain genomes infant commensals, particular those bifidobacterial species, genetically adapted utilize glycans secretory fluid, thus representing a very intriguing example host-microbe coevolution, where both partners benefit. In recent years, various metagenomic studies have tried dissect composition functionality microbiome explore distribution across different ecological niches biogeography corresponding microbial consortia, including bacteria viruses, healthy ill subjects. Such analyses linked features microbiota/microbiome, such as reduced diversity or aberrant composition, intestinal illnesses infants disease states manifested at later stages life, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders. Thus, growing number reported on how composition/development may affect risk factors related adult conditions. This concept fueled strategies shape based functional food products. review, we describe microbiota, mechanisms drive its consortia molded natural artificial interventions. Finally, discuss relevance key players bifidobacteria, with respect their role disease.

Язык: Английский

---

The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 15(5), С. 259 - 270

Опубликована: Март 20, 2017

Язык: Английский

---

A critical assessment of the “sterile womb” and “in utero colonization” hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome

Microbiome, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 5(1)

Опубликована: Апрель 28, 2017

After more than a century of active research, the notion that human fetal environment is sterile and neonate's microbiome acquired during after birth was an accepted dogma. However, recent studies using molecular techniques suggest bacterial communities in placenta, amniotic fluid, meconium from healthy pregnancies. These findings have led many scientists to challenge "sterile womb paradigm" propose acquisition instead begins utero, idea would fundamentally change our understanding gut microbiota its role development. In this review, we provide critical assessment evidence supporting these two opposing hypotheses, specifically as it relates (i) anatomical, immunological, physiological characteristics placenta fetus; (ii) research methods currently used study microbial populations intrauterine environment; (iii) fecal first days life; (iv) generation axenic animals humans. Based on analysis, argue support "in utero colonization hypothesis" extremely weak founded almost entirely approaches with insufficient detection limit "low-biomass" populations, lacked appropriate controls for contamination, failed viability. Most importantly, ability reliably derive via cesarean sections strongly supports sterility mammals. We conclude current scientific does not existence microbiomes within milieu, which has implications development clinical practices prevent perturbations establishment future priorities.

Язык: Английский

---

Maturation of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple body sites and in relation to mode of delivery

Nature Medicine, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 23(3), С. 314 - 326

Опубликована: Янв. 23, 2017

Язык: Английский

---

Diet, microorganisms and their metabolites, and colon cancer

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 13(12), С. 691 - 706

Опубликована: Ноя. 16, 2016

Язык: Английский

---

The gut microbiome: Relationships with disease and opportunities for therapy

The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 216(1), С. 20 - 40

Опубликована: Окт. 15, 2018

Over the past decade, our view of human-associated microbes has expanded beyond that a few species toward an appreciation diverse and niche-specialized microbial communities develop in human host with chronological age. The largest reservoir exists distal gastrointestinal tract, both lumen, where facilitate primary secondary metabolism, on mucosal surfaces, they interact immune cell populations. While local microbial-driven immunomodulation gut is well described, more recent studies have demonstrated role for microbiome influencing remote organs hematopoietic function. Unsurprisingly, therefore, perturbation to composition function microbiota been associated chronic diseases ranging from inflammatory metabolic conditions neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory illnesses. Considerable effort currently focused understanding natural history development humans context health outcomes, parallel improving knowledge microbiome-host molecular interactions. These efforts ultimately aim effective approaches rehabilitate perturbed ecosystems as means restore or prevent disease. This review details modulating focus discusses strategies manipulating management prevention conditions.

Язык: Английский

---

Microbiota-Brain-Gut Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 17(12)

Опубликована: Окт. 17, 2017

Язык: Английский

---

Human placenta has no microbiome but can contain potential pathogens

Nature, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 572(7769), С. 329 - 334

Опубликована: Июль 31, 2019

Язык: Английский

---

Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Gut Microbiota

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 18(12), С. 2645 - 2645

Опубликована: Дек. 7, 2017

Long-term dietary habits play a crucial role in creating host-specific gut microbiota community humans. Despite the many publications about effects of carbohydrates (prebiotic fibers), impact fats, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), on is less well defined. The few studies completed adults showed some common changes after PUFA supplementation. In particular, decrease Faecalibacterium, often associated with an increase Bacteroidetes and butyrate-producing bacteria belonging to Lachnospiraceae family, has been observed. Coincidentally, dysbiosis these taxa found patients inflammatory bowel disease. Omega-3 PUFAs can exert positive action by reverting composition diseases, production anti-inflammatory compounds, like short-chain acids. addition, accumulating evidence animal model indicates that interplay between microbiota, acids, immunity helps maintain intestinal wall integrity interacts host immune cells. Finally, human have highlighted ability influence gut–brain axis, acting through composition. From findings, importance connection emerges, encouraging further studies.

Язык: Английский

---