Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ, Год журнала: 2021, Номер unknown, С. e068302 - e068302

Опубликована: Ноя. 17, 2021

To review the evidence on effectiveness of public health measures in reducing incidence covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality.

Язык: Английский

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Scientists' warning on climate change and insects

Ecological Monographs, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 93(1)

Опубликована: Ноя. 7, 2022

Abstract Climate warming is considered to be among the most serious of anthropogenic stresses environment, because it not only has direct effects on biodiversity, but also exacerbates harmful other human‐mediated threats. The associated consequences are potentially severe, particularly in terms threats species preservation, as well preservation an array ecosystem services provided by biodiversity. Among affected groups animals insects—central components many ecosystems—for which climate change pervasive from individuals communities. In this contribution scientists' warning series, we summarize effect gradual global surface temperature increase insects, physiology, behavior, phenology, distribution, and interactions, increased frequency duration extreme events such hot cold spells, fires, droughts, floods these parameters. We warn that, if no action taken better understand reduce will drastically our ability build a sustainable future based healthy, functional ecosystems. discuss perspectives relevant ways conserve insects face change, offer several key recommendations management approaches that can adopted, policies should pursued, involvement general public protection effort.

Язык: Английский

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Climate change and its impact on biodiversity and human welfare

DELETED, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 88(2), С. 160 - 171

Опубликована: Май 2, 2022

Climate change refers to the long-term changes in temperature and weather due human activities. Increase average global extreme unpredictable are most common manifestations of climate change. In recent years, it has acquired importance emergency affecting not only wellbeing humans but also sustainability other lifeforms. Enormous increase emission greenhouse gases (CO2, methane nitrous oxide) decades largely burning coal fossil fuels, deforestation main drivers Marked frequency intensity natural disasters, rise sea level, decrease crop productivity loss biodiversity consequences Obvious mitigation measures include significant reduction forest cover landmass. Conference Parties (COP 21), held Paris 2015 adapted, as a legally binding treaty, limit warming well below 2 °C, preferably 1.5 °C by 2100, compared pre-industrial levels. However, under present scenario, world is heading for 3–4 end century. This was discussed further COP 26 Glasgow November 2021; many countries pledged reach net zero carbon 2050 deforestation, essential requirements keep target. even with implementation these pledges, expected be around 2.4 °C. Additional urgently needed realize goal limiting sustain welfare.

Язык: Английский

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Collectivism predicts mask use during COVID-19

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 118(23)

Опубликована: Май 20, 2021

Significance What explains the striking regional differences in COVID-19 severity around world? We reveal role of culture mask usage, a precautionary measure vital for mitigating pandemic. Leveraging dataset all 3,141 counties 50 US states, 16,737 individuals 367,109 29 countries, and 277,219 Facebook users 67 we provide evidence that people more collectivistic (versus individualistic) regions are likely to wear masks. Our research suggests fundamentally shapes how respond crises like

Язык: Английский

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Plant responses to multifactorial stress combination

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 234(4), С. 1161 - 1167

Опубликована: Март 12, 2022

Summary Human activity is causing a global change in plant environment that includes significant increase the number and intensity of different stress factors. These include combinations multiple abiotic biotic stressors simultaneously or sequentially impact plants microbiomes, decrease growth, yield overall health. It was recently found with increasing complexity impacting plant, growth survival decline dramatically, even if level each individual stress, involved such ‘multifactorial combination’, low enough not to have effect. Here we highlight this new concept multifactorial combination discuss its importance for our efforts develop climate change‐resilient crops.

Язык: Английский

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Complex agricultural landscapes host more biodiversity than simple ones: A global meta-analysis

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 119(38)

Опубликована: Сен. 12, 2022

Managing agricultural landscapes to support biodiversity conservation requires profound structural changes worldwide. Often, discussions are centered on management at the field level. However, a wide and growing body of evidence calls for zooming out targeting policies, research, interventions landscape level halt reverse decline in biodiversity, increase biodiversity-mediated ecosystem services landscapes, improve resilience adaptability these ecosystems. We conducted most comprehensive assessment date complexity effects nondomesticated terrestrial through meta-analysis 1,134 effect sizes from 157 peer-reviewed articles. Increasing composition, configuration, or heterogeneity significatively positively affects biodiversity. More complex host more (richness, abundance, evenness) with potential benefits sustainable production conservation, likely underestimated. The few articles that assessed combined contribution linear (e.g., hedgerows) areal woodlots) elements resulted near-doubling (i.e., level) compared dominant number studies measuring separately. Similarly, positive stronger monitoring least 2 y 1-y efforts. Besides, exist when occurs nonoverlapping highlighting need long-term robustly designed Living harmony nature will require shifting paradigms toward valuing promoting multifunctional agriculture farm levels research agenda untangles landscapes’ contributions people under current future conditions.

Язык: Английский

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Urbanisation drivers and underlying mechanisms of terrestrial insect diversity loss in cities

Ecological Entomology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 46(4), С. 757 - 771

Опубликована: Апрель 30, 2021

1. Urbanisation is one of the main land‐use changes behind global insect collapse. Despite that previous studies have described negative effects urbanisation on communities, so far there no synthesis considers multiple urban drivers, their combined effects, and role species traits altogether. 2. Here we developed an integrative framework underlying mechanisms terrestrial loss in cities by exploring five leading drivers: impervious surfaces, habitat fragmentation, heat island, pollution, exotic plants. For each driver, identified direct indirect (mediated through interactions or resources) populations emphasising as moderators such effects. 3. Body size, mobility, oviposition/nesting requirements were frequently defined vulnerability to drivers. Urban island pollution deserve further research from a community‐level approach. Direct drivers dominated literature, while most paths mediated resources rather than interactions. 4. In conclusion, our review showed challenges recognising particular for driver By doing so, intended encourage researchers address some gaps noticed order fully understand how affecting communities. Finally, outlined recent planning strategies future successfully conserve biodiversity.

Язык: Английский

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Lethal, sublethal, and combined effects of pesticides on bees: A meta-analysis and new risk assessment tools

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 844, С. 156857 - 156857

Опубликована: Июнь 25, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Direct pesticide exposure of insects in nature conservation areas in Germany

Scientific Reports, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 11(1)

Опубликована: Дек. 16, 2021

Abstract In Germany, the decline of insect biomass was observed in nature conservation areas agricultural landscapes. One main causal factors discussed is use synthetic pesticides conventional agriculture. a Germany-wide field study, we collected flying insects using Malaise traps adjacent to land. We used multi-component chemical trace element analysis detect 92 common ethanol from sampled May and August 2020. total, residues 47 current were detected, samples on average contaminated with 16.7 pesticides. Residues herbicides metolachlor-S, prosulfocarb terbuthylazine, fungicides azoxystrobin fluopyram recorded at all sites. The neonicotinoid thiacloprid detected 16 21 areas, most likely due final before an EU-wide ban. A change residue mixture composition noticeable higher herbicide spring increasing fungicide applications summer. number substances related proportion production area radius 2000 m. Therefore, drastic pesticide reduction large buffers around necessary avoid contamination their fauna.

Язык: Английский

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The global distribution of known and undiscovered ant biodiversity

Science Advances, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 8(31)

Опубликована: Авг. 3, 2022

Invertebrates constitute the majority of animal species and are critical for ecosystem functioning services. Nonetheless, global invertebrate biodiversity patterns their congruences with vertebrates remain largely unknown. We resolve first high-resolution (~20-km) diversity map a major clade, ants, using informatics, range modeling, machine learning to synthesize existing knowledge predict distribution undiscovered diversity. find that ants different vertebrate groups have distinct features in richness rarity, underscoring need consider taxa conservation. However, despite phylogenetic physiological divergence, ant distributions not highly anomalous relative variation among clades. Furthermore, our models rarity centers overlap (78%), suggesting general forces shape endemism across taxa. This raises confidence conservation areas important small-ranged will benefit invertebrates while providing “treasure map” guide future discovery.

Язык: Английский

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