Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 110(9), С. 3229 - 3236

Опубликована: Фев. 7, 2013

In the last two decades, widespread application of genetic and genomic approaches has revealed a bacterial world astonishing in its ubiquity diversity. This review examines how growing knowledge vast range animal–bacterial interactions, whether shared ecosystems or intimate symbioses, is fundamentally altering our understanding animal biology. Specifically, we highlight recent technological intellectual advances that have changed thinking about five questions: bacteria facilitated origin evolution animals; do animals affect each other’s genomes; does normal development depend on partners; homeostasis maintained between their symbionts; can ecological deepen multiple levels interaction. As answers to these fundamental questions emerge, all biologists will be challenged broaden appreciation interactions include investigations relationships among partners as seek better natural world.

Язык: Английский

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The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 81(4)

Опубликована: Ноя. 8, 2017

SUMMARY The human gut microbiota is engaged in multiple interactions affecting host health during the host's entire life span. Microbes colonize neonatal immediately following birth. establishment and interactive development of this early are believed to be (at least partially) driven modulated by specific compounds present milk. It has been shown that certain genomes infant commensals, particular those bifidobacterial species, genetically adapted utilize glycans secretory fluid, thus representing a very intriguing example host-microbe coevolution, where both partners benefit. In recent years, various metagenomic studies have tried dissect composition functionality microbiome explore distribution across different ecological niches biogeography corresponding microbial consortia, including bacteria viruses, healthy ill subjects. Such analyses linked features microbiota/microbiome, such as reduced diversity or aberrant composition, intestinal illnesses infants disease states manifested at later stages life, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders. Thus, growing number reported on how composition/development may affect risk factors related adult conditions. This concept fueled strategies shape based functional food products. review, we describe microbiota, mechanisms drive its consortia molded natural artificial interventions. Finally, discuss relevance key players bifidobacteria, with respect their role disease.

Язык: Английский

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Host Biology in Light of the Microbiome: Ten Principles of Holobionts and Hologenomes

PLoS Biology, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 13(8), С. e1002226 - e1002226

Опубликована: Авг. 18, 2015

Groundbreaking research on the universality and diversity of microorganisms is now challenging life sciences to upgrade fundamental theories that once seemed untouchable. To fully appreciate change field undergoing, one has place epochs foundational principles Darwin, Mendel, modern synthesis in light current advances are enabling a new vision for central importance microbiology. Animals plants no longer heralded as autonomous entities but rather biomolecular networks composed host plus its associated microbes, i.e., "holobionts." As such, their collective genomes forge "hologenome," models animal plant biology do not account these intergenomic associations incomplete. Here, we integrate concepts into historical contemporary visions summarize predictive refutable framework evaluation. Specifically, present ten clarify append what not, explain how they both support extend existing theory sciences, discuss potential ramifications multifaceted approaches zoology botany. We anticipate conceptual evidence-based foundation provided this essay will serve roadmap hypothesis-driven, experimentally validated holobionts hologenomes, thereby catalyzing continued fusion biology's subdisciplines. At time when symbiotic microbes recognized all aspects biology, holobiont hologenome afford holistic view biological complexity consistent with generally reductionist biology.

Язык: Английский

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Pathways to zoonotic spillover

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 15(8), С. 502 - 510

Опубликована: Май 30, 2017

Язык: Английский

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Alterlife and Decolonial Chemical Relations

Cultural Anthropology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 32(4), С. 494 - 503

Опубликована: Ноя. 18, 2017

It has been raining all day and into the warm winter night in downtown Toronto-Tkaronto Mohawk.The water splashes off office towers of Bay Street (Canada's Wall Street), is collected by a storm sewer system overtaking buried streams, then washes out vastness Lake Ontario.Office other urban surfaces are covered thin, greasy film that attracts persistent organic pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; Simpson et al. 2006).These travel global circulations particulate clouds, encountering whose oily films act massive pollution-collection devices.The patter droplets on glass rinses PCBs chemically concentrated rainwash returns them to lake, legacy dumping ground from an era midcentury industrial exuberance.Lake Ontario last lake eastward flow Great Lakes water.Each becomes more industrialized along way, passing Canada's petrochemical refining corridor, (de)industrialized zone Detroit, steel mills Hamilton.The form largest basin fresh surface

Язык: Английский

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Art in the Anthropocene: Encounters Among Aesthetics, Politics, Environments and Epistemologies

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2015

The era of climate change involves the mutation systems beyond 20th century anthropomorphic models and has stood, until recently, outside representation or address.Understood in a broad critical sense, concerns material agencies that impact on biomass energy, erased borders microbial invention, geological nanographic time, extinction events.The possibility always been latent figure textual production archives; but current sense depletion, decay, exhaustion calls for new modes address, styles publishing authoring, formats speeds distribution.As pressures re-alignments this re-arrangement occur, so must languages conceptual templates, political premises definitions "life."There is particular need to publish timely fashion experimental monographs redefine boundaries disciplinary fields, rhetorical invasions, interface scientific languages, geomorphic geopolitical interventions.Critical Climate Change oriented, general manner, toward epistemo-political mutations correspond temporalities terrestrial mutation.

Язык: Английский

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Anthropologists Are Talking – About the Anthropocene

Ethnos, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 81(3), С. 535 - 564

Опубликована: Ноя. 5, 2015

Love it or hate it, the Anthropocene is emerging as an inescapable word for (and of) current moment. Popularized by Eugene Stoermer and Paul Crutzen, names age in which human in...

Язык: Английский

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The plant microbiome explored: implications for experimental botany

Journal of Experimental Botany, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 67(4), С. 995 - 1002

Опубликована: Ноя. 7, 2015

The importance of microbial root inhabitants for plant growth and health was recognized as early 100 years ago. Recent insights reveal a close symbiotic relationship between plants their associated microorganisms, high structural functional diversity within microbiomes. Plants provide communities with specific habitats, which can be broadly categorized the rhizosphere, phyllosphere, endosphere. Plant-associated microbes interact host in essential contexts. They stimulate germination growth, help fend off disease, promote stress resistance, influence fitness. Therefore, have to considered metaorganisms usually outnumber cells belonging host. structure microbiome is determined by biotic abiotic factors but follows ecological rules. Metaorganisms are co-evolved species assemblages. metabolism morphology microbiota intensively connected each other, interplay both maintains functioning fitness holobiont. Our study current literature shows that analysis data has brought about paradigm shift our understanding diverse respect following: (i) bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists; (ii) specificity even at cultivar level; (iii) vertical transmission core microbiomes; (iv) extraordinary function endophytes; (v) several unexpected functions metabolic interactions. should an additional factor experimental botany breeding strategies.

Язык: Английский

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Microbes Drive Evolution of Animals and Plants: the Hologenome Concept

mBio, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 7(2)

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2016

The hologenome concept of evolution postulates that the holobiont (host plus symbionts) with its genome microbiome) is a level selection in evolution. Multicellular organisms can no longer be considered individuals by classical definitions term. Every natural animal and plant consisting host diverse symbiotic microbes viruses. Microbial symbionts transmitted from parent to offspring variety methods, including via cytoplasmic inheritance, coprophagy, direct contact during after birth, environment. A large number studies have demonstrated these contribute anatomy, physiology, development, innate adaptive immunity, behavior finally also genetic variation origin species. Acquisition microbial genes powerful mechanism for driving complexity. Evolution proceeds both cooperation competition, working parallel.

Язык: Английский

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Effects of Psychological, Environmental and Physical Stressors on the Gut Microbiota

Frontiers in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 9

Опубликована: Сен. 11, 2018

Stress, a ubiquitous part of daily human life, has varied biological effects which are increasingly recognized as including modulation commensal microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, gut microbiota. In turn, microbiota influences host stress response and associated sequelae, thereby implicating an important mediator health. This narrative review aims to synthesize evidence concerning impact psychological, environmental, physical stressors on composition activity. The reviewed include psychological stress, circadian disruption, sleep deprivation, environmental extremes (high altitude, heat, cold), pathogens, toxicants pollutants, activity, diet (nutrient food restriction). Stressors were selected for their direct relevance military personnel, population that is commonly exposed these stressors, often at extremes, combination. However, also common, alone or combination, some civilian populations. Evidence from preclinical studies collectively indicates alter but vary across can may be beneficial detrimental Translation findings humans largely lacking present. gap precludes concluding with certainty transient cumulative exposures have any consistent, meaningful provocative highlights need translational research aiming elucidate microbiota, how manipulated, example by using nutrition, mitigate adverse responses.

Язык: Английский

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