Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13(2), С. 775 - 780
Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2022
Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is associated with increasing burden frailty, disability, mortality for our aging society. Nevertheless, underlying cellular molecular mechanisms role life-style factors are insufficiently understood. Exercise one such factor recent evidence supports potential strength training alone or combined aerobic exercise to mitigate sarcopenia.1 Gut microbiota implicated in development during as well, recently systematically reviewed this journal.2 Consequently, combination appropriate programmes dietary interventions aimed at modifying gut hold great promise counteract sarcopenia. However, evaluation approaches led ambiguous results, meta-analysis supporting favourable effects on aging-related sarcopenia3 another not.4 Herein, we discuss reasons those discrepancies, elucidate complex interactions between exercise, health, suggest intervention strategies prevent Various programmes, including single types, example, and/or resistance have been demonstrated reduce sarcopenia healthy diseased people.5, 6 In obese individuals aged >64 years old, weight both (RT) most efficiently preserved lean mass, physical reduced frailty.7 This likely promising strategy maintain improve strength.1 Evidence-based guidelines recommend adoption either a RT power high-intensity interval (HIIT) against sarcopenia.8-10 Moderate high (60% 80% 1-RM) intensities optimal RT, while low moderate (e.g. lighter loading movement velocity) preferable stimulate speed component (≤60% adults that already physically strong prerequisite performance.11 The volume should be adapted preexisting muscular fitness: from 3 sets per group week (for beginners) maximum 10 advanced) 10–15 repetitions set. Conversely, 85% 95% heart rate target HIIT, which performed 4 × 4′ intervals greater than peak capacity 5 1′ function short time frame.10 schedules need individual performance status. Risks include exaggerated exhausting, especially sedentary older people, increased blood pressure, first weeks training, joint limitations, pain. Regarding untrained people may unable adhere rate. Despite sarcopenia, poor adherence lack sufficient fitness indeed represent main barriers implementation people.2 Growing suggests activity (including exercise) can trigger changes qualitative quantitative microbial composition metabolic resulting health benefits host.12 These independent diet depend type intensity exercise.13 Athletes generally exhibit higher biodiversity representation bacterial taxa anti-inflammatory properties synthetize short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) their faecal controls.14, 15 Compared community-dwelling adults, master athletes display more homogeneous microbiota, was positive benefits, psychological well-being, due gut–brain axis.16 Both also showed significant modifications after an programme younger individuals.17, 18 included Bifidobacteria Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were stool levels butyrate.17, positively modulate host immunity through up-regulation cytokines, T cell regulation, SCFAs, particularly butyrate, metabolite synthetized by F. among others, well-known regulator balance.19, 20 Interestingly, influenced pre-existing obesity status, but diet, rapidly disappeared intervention.17 less clear, because overweight, chronic inflammatory states, multimorbidity, polypharmacy progressively promote dysbiosis opportunistic pathogens.21, 22 addition, exercise-induced alterations seem substantial earlier life compared later life.23 findings American Project revealed overweight elderly maintaining stability (composition function).24 Importantly, excessive disproportionate levels, hot environments, induce unfavourable disrupt mucosal barrier, paradox pro-inflammatory effect host.25, 26 Several vitro experiments preclinical clinical studies provide direct indirect interplay mass.27, 28 Age-related decline suggested distinct towards dysbiosis.29, 30 has further linked various diseases, 2 diabetes.31, 32 emerging concept gut-muscle axis assumes reciprocal these organs. While mechanistic underpinnings muscles still poorly understood, influence general regulation metabolism well established research field. synthesis SCFAs ingested plant fibres, thought metabolism, via insulin sensitivity, anabolism modulation inflammation.19 pronounced butyrate relevant fuel availability capacity.33 On other hand, lifestyle unhealthy patterns intestinal mucosa permeability absorption metabolites endotoxins low-grade systemic inflammation resistance.15, 31, Animal experimentations indicate bidirectional communication point out critical function.34, 35 fact, presence intact microbiome necessary normal adaptations exercise36 adequate protein digestion amino acid absorption, processes sarcopenia-associated wasting.37, 38 Mitochondrial dysfunction emerged central pathogenesis sarcopenia.39 integral mitochondrial deficits degeneration39 types mitochondria40 widely accepted, it understood whether muscle-gut partially mediated mitochondria. Among numerous regular mitochondria improved energy biogenesis, antioxidative immune capacities.40 affects tissues remote muscle, brain41 possibly gut.42 How communicated (mitochondria in) topic intense investigation involves signalling myo/mitokines, micro-RNAs, metabolites.41 increasingly recognized exert mitochondria,43 particular exercise. Mediators secondary bile acids, hormones redox signalling. A study germ-free mice had atrophic impaired functions.44 Transplantation important horses, shown specifically butyrate-producing bacteria involved modulating mitochondria-related gene expression, impacting oxidative stress, inflammation.45 signalling, system activation barrier modulation.42 summary, although (Figure 1), required multidirectional different tissues, populations (i.e. tissues), microbiota. Furthermore, growing notion modalities (such type, duration, frequency, intensity) elicit differential mitochondria.40 It remains investigated, specific recommendations differ (and potentially gut) study, HIIT markers fusion, mitophagy (Gouspillou et al. JCSM, press) acted synergistically ingestion L-citrulline supplementation myocellular synthesis, hypertrophy strength.46 Based results comparative efficiency, mode action mediating regimes required. Although systematic review does not support prevention treatment subjects 65 older,47 sophisticated nutritional expected biosynthesis, growth, maintenance muscle48 microbiota.21 strategies—including protein, essential acid, polyunsaturated antioxidant supplementation—on frail clear.2 An increase intake considered cornerstone measure preventing treating association exercise.49 shift high-protein diets composition, reduction mediators axis, SCFAs.50, 51 Such exacerbated proteins animal, vegetal, origin.51 Notably, contrast supplementation, very advantageous enhancement its function.52 Thus, microbiome-centred only balanced antioxidants.20 Recent data US National Health Nutrition Examination Survey fibre recommended (∼28–34 g/day) improvements 40 older.53 Plant fibre-rich choices fact diverse compositionally produce SCFAs.54 Mediterranean-style fulfils criteria frailty performance.55 powerful modulator musculoskeletal disease mediator. favours, beneficial functions, contribute human health. Effective counteracting consider nutrition fibres highest inducing mediation known modulatory inflammation. improves turn regulate functions. Mechanistically, key players exercise–microbiota–muscle interactions. They following regulated microbiome. muscle) communicate requires research. conclusion, thus effective the—potentially synergistic—interaction view.56 Traditionally, humans outcomes determined predispositions (genetic make-up, habits, etc.) variations interventions. Differences determining factors. future trials investigating endpoints, disentangle axis. authors manuscript certify they comply ethical editorship publishing Journal Cachexia, Sarcopenia Muscle.57 declare no conflict interest. work financially supported grants Austrian Federal Ministry Education, Science Research represented Promotion Agency (FFG) part ERA-Net Cofund HDHL-INTIMIC (grant number BW000017276).
Язык: Английский
