PLoS Pathogens,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
20(7), С. e1012395 - e1012395
Опубликована: Июль 29, 2024
Plant-parasitic
nematodes
constrain
global
food
security.
During
parasitism,
they
secrete
effectors
into
the
host
plant
from
two
types
of
pharyngeal
gland
cells.
These
elicit
profound
changes
in
biology
to
suppress
immunity
and
establish
a
unique
feeding
organ
which
nematode
draws
nutrition.
Despite
importance
there
has
been
no
comprehensive
identification
characterisation
effector
repertoire
any
plant-parasitic
nematode.
To
address
this,
we
advance
techniques
for
cell
isolation
transcriptional
analysis
define
stringent
annotation
putative
cyst
Heterodera
schachtii
at
three
key
life-stages.
We
717
gene
loci:
269
"known"
high-confidence
homologs
effectors,
448
"novel"
with
high
expression.
In
doing
so
most
"effectorome"
date.
Using
this
definition,
provide
first
systems-level
understanding
origin,
deployment
evolution
effectorome.
The
robust
will
underpin
our
pathology,
hence,
inform
strategies
crop
protection.
Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 15, 2025
Filamentous
plant
pathogens
pose
a
severe
threat
to
food
security.
Current
estimates
suggest
up
23%
yield
losses
pre-
and
post-harvest
diseases
these
are
projected
increase
due
climate
change
(Singh
et
al.
2023;
Chaloner
2021;
Stukenbrock
Gurr
Fisher
2012;
Steinberg
2020).
Understanding
how
filamentous
emerge,
spread
adapt
their
hosts
new
environmental
niches
is
crucial
address
devastating
impact
on
global
agriculture.
Over
the
past
two
decades,
genomics
has
emerged
as
central
technology
advance
our
understanding
of
population
dynamics
coevolution
pathogens.
The
first
genome
pathogen,
blast
fungus
Magnaporthe
oryzae,
was
sequenced
20
years
ago.
Since
then,
pathogen
not
only
provided
deep
genomic
makeup
populations,
but
fundamental
for
gene
discovery,
disease
diagnostics,
accelerated
molecular
biology.
In
merely
we
have
witnessed
several
revolutions
in
field,
including
reference
genomes
many
pathogens,
scale
thousands
individuals,
long-read
chromosome
conformation
sequencing
highly
continuous
assemblies
recent
intersections
structural
Here,
commemorate
20th
anniversary
by
presenting
important
technological
advances
(Fig.
1)
lessons
learned
from
decades
genomics,
with
focus
cereal
diseases.
Phytopathogens
secrete
effector
molecules
to
manipulate
host
immunity
and
metabolism.
Recent
advances
in
structural
genomics
have
identified
fungal
families
whose
members
adopt
similar
folds
despite
sequence
divergence,
highlighting
their
importance
virulence
immune
evasion.
To
extend
the
scope
of
comparative
structure-guided
analysis
more
evolutionarily
distant
phytopathogens
with
lifestyles,
we
used
AlphaFold2
predict
3D
structures
secretome
from
selected
plasmodiophorid,
oomycete,
gall-forming
pathogens.
Clustering
protein
based
on
homology
revealed
species-specific
expansions
a
low
abundance
known
orphan
families.
We
novel
sequence-
unrelated
but
structurally
(SUSS)
clusters,
rich
conserved
motifs
such
as
’CCG’
’RAYH’.
demonstrate
that
these
likely
play
central
role
maintaining
overall
fold.
also
SUSS
cluster
adopting
nucleoside
hydrolase-like
fold
among
various
microbes.
Notably,
ankyrin
proteins
were
significantly
expanded
plasmodiophorids,
most
being
highly
expressed
during
clubroot
disease,
suggesting
pathogenicity.
Altogether,
this
study
our
understanding
landscapes
microbes
provides
valuable
resource
for
broadening
phylogenomic
studies
across
diverse
phytopathogens.
Stem
canker
of
Zanthoxylum
bungeanum
is
a
destructive
forest
disease,
caused
by
Fusarium
zanthoxyli,
poses
serious
threat
to
the
cultivation
Z.
bungeanum.
The
lack
research
on
effector
proteins
in
F.
zanthoxyli
has
severely
limited
our
understanding
molecular
interactions
between
and
bungeanum,
resulting
insufficient
effective
control
technologies
for
this
disease.
In
study,
total
137
(FzEPs)
were
predicted
characterized
based
whole
genome
with
an
average
length
215
amino
acids,
8
cysteine
residues,
weight
23.06
kD.
Besides,
phylogenetic
evolution,
conserved
motifs,
domains
annotation
information
all
effectors
comprehensively
demonstrated.
Moreover,
transcriptomic
analysis
indicated
that
24
genes
significantly
upregulated
early
infection
stages
which
was
confirmed
RT-qPCR.
Following,
DEGs
cloned
transiently
over-expressed
leaves
tobacco
evaluate
their
effects
plant's
innate
immunity.
It
found
FzEP94
FzEP123
induced
pronounced
programmed
cell
death
(PCD),
callose
deposition,
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS)
burst
leaves,
whereas
FzEP83
FzEP93
suppressed
PCD
INF1,
accompanied
less
accumulation
ROS
burst.
we
systematically
functionally
analyzed
successfully
identifying
four
can
impact
immune
response
plants.
These
findings
enhance
protein
functions
offer
valuable
insights
future
Phytopathogenic
fungi
cause
enormous
yield
losses
in
many
crops,
threatening
both
agricultural
production
and
global
food
security.
To
infect
plants,
they
secrete
effectors
targeting
various
cellular
processes
the
host.
Putative
effector
genes
are
numerous
fungal
genomes,
generally
encode
proteins
with
no
sequence
homology
to
each
other
or
known
domains.
Recent
studies
have
elucidated
predicted
three-dimensional
structures
of
from
a
wide
diversity
plant
pathogenic
fungi,
revealing
limited
number
conserved
folds.
Effectors
very
diverse
amino
acid
sequences
can
thereby
be
grouped
into
families
based
on
structural
homology.
Some
different
some
expanded
specific
taxa.
Here,
we
describe
features
these
discuss
recent
advances
predicting
new
families.
We
highlight
contribution
analyses
deepen
our
understanding
function
evolution
effectors.
also
prospects
offered
by
modeling
for
studying
virulence
targets
plants.
PLoS Computational Biology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
21(3), С. e1012503 - e1012503
Опубликована: Март 28, 2025
Understanding
the
biological
functions
of
Puccinia
striiformis
f.
sp.
tritici
(
Pst
)
effectors
is
fundamental
for
uncovering
mechanisms
pathogenicity
and
variability,
thereby
paving
way
developing
durable
effective
control
strategies
stripe
rust.
However,
due
to
lack
an
efficient
genetic
transformation
system
in
,
progress
effector
function
studies
has
been
slow.
Here,
we
modeled
structures
15,201
from
twelve
races
or
isolates,
a
isolate,
one
hordei
isolate
using
AlphaFold2.
Of
these,
8,102
folds
were
successfully
predicted,
performed
sequence-
structure-based
annotations
these
effectors.
These
classified
into
410
structure
clusters
1,005
sequence
clusters.
Sequence
lengths
varied
widely,
with
concentration
between
101-250
amino
acids,
motif
analysis
revealed
that
47%
5.81%
predicted
contain
known
motifs
[Y/F/W]xC
RxLR,
respectively
highlighting
structural
conservation
across
substantial
portion
Subcellular
localization
predictions
indicated
predominant
cytoplasmic
localization,
notable
chloroplast
nuclear
presence.
Structure-guided
significantly
enhances
prediction
efficiency
as
demonstrated
by
75%
among
have
annotation.
The
clustering
annotation
both
based
on
homologies
allowed
us
determine
adopted
folding
fold
families
A
common
feature
observed
was
formation
different
sequences.
In
our
study,
comparative
analyses
new
family
core
four
helices,
including
Pst27791,
PstGSRE4,
PstSIE1,
which
target
key
wheat
immune
pathway
proteins,
impacting
host
functions.
Further
showed
similarities
other
pathogens,
such
AvrSr35,
AvrSr50,
Zt-KP4-1,
MoHrip2,
possibility
convergent
evolutionary
strategies,
yet
be
supported
further
data
encompassing
some
evolutionarily
distant
species.
Currently,
initial
most
effectors’
sequence,
relationships
providing
novel
foundation
advance
future
understanding
evolution.
