Science,
Год журнала:
2017,
Номер
356(6334), С. 180 - 183
Опубликована: Апрель 13, 2017
Quantifying
hunting-induced
defaunation
As
the
human
population
grows
and
increasingly
encroaches
on
remaining
wildlife
habitat,
hunting
threatens
many
species.
Benítez-López
et
al.
conducted
a
large-scale
meta-analysis
of
trends
impacts
across
tropics
(see
Perspective
by
Brashares
Gaynor).
Bird
mammal
populations
were
considerably
lower
in
areas
where
occurred.
Although
commercial
proximity
to
roads
urban
centers
most
damaging
factors,
all
had
worrying
impacts,
even
protected
areas.
Protection
alternative
approaches
for
sustainable
subsistence
must
be
implemented
soon
if
we
are
prevent
further,
rapid
defaunation.
Science
,
this
issue
p.
180
;
see
also
136
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
1469(1), С. 5 - 25
Опубликована: Апрель 2, 2019
Abstract
Bats
are
an
ecologically
and
taxonomically
diverse
group
accounting
for
roughly
a
fifth
of
mammalian
diversity
worldwide.
Many
the
threats
bats
face
(e.g.,
habitat
loss,
bushmeat
hunting,
climate
change)
reflect
conservation
challenges
our
era.
However,
compared
to
other
mammals
birds,
we
know
significantly
less
about
population
status
most
bat
species,
which
makes
prioritizing
planning
actions
challenging.
Over
third
species
assessed
by
International
Union
Conservation
Nature
(IUCN)
considered
threatened
or
data
deficient,
well
over
half
have
unknown
decreasing
trends.
That
equals
988
80%
IUCN,
needing
research
attention.
Delivering
will
require
sustained
efforts
assess
trends
address
deficiencies.
Successful
must
integrate
identify
stressors
their
solutions
test
efficacy
stabilize
increase
populations.
Global
regional
networks
that
connect
researchers,
practitioners,
local
stakeholders
share
knowledge,
build
capacity,
prioritize
coordinate
efforts,
vital
ensuring
sustainable
populations
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Год журнала:
2017,
Номер
114(40), С. 10678 - 10683
Опубликована: Сен. 18, 2017
Extinction
risk
in
vertebrates
has
been
linked
to
large
body
size,
but
this
putative
relationship
only
explored
for
select
taxa,
with
variable
results.
Using
a
newly
assembled
and
taxonomically
expansive
database,
we
analyzed
the
relationships
between
extinction
mass
(27,647
species)
range
size
(21,294
across
six
main
classes.
We
found
that
probability
of
being
threatened
was
positively
significantly
related
birds,
cartilaginous
fishes,
mammals.
Bimodal
were
evident
amphibians,
reptiles,
bony
fishes.
Most
importantly,
bimodal
all
such
changes
around
breakpoint
0.035
kg,
indicating
lightest
heaviest
have
elevated
risk.
also
be
an
important
predictor
threatened,
strong
negative
nearly
taxa.
A
review
drivers
revealed
are
most
by
direct
killing
humans.
By
contrast,
habitat
loss
modification
stemming
especially
from
pollution,
agricultural
cropping,
logging.
Our
results
offer
insight
into
halting
ongoing
wave
vertebrate
extinctions
revealing
vulnerability
small
identifying
size-specific
threats.
Moreover,
they
indicate
that,
without
intervention,
anthropogenic
activities
will
soon
precipitate
double
truncation
distribution
world's
vertebrates,
fundamentally
reordering
structure
life
on
our
planet.
PLoS Biology,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
17(5), С. e3000247 - e3000247
Опубликована: Май 14, 2019
Tropical
forests
are
increasingly
degraded
by
industrial
logging,
urbanization,
agriculture,
and
infrastructure,
with
only
20%
of
the
remaining
area
considered
intact.
However,
this
figure
does
not
include
other,
more
cryptic
but
pervasive
forms
degradation,
such
as
overhunting.
Here,
we
quantified
mapped
spatial
patterns
mammal
defaunation
in
tropics
using
a
database
3,281
abundance
declines
from
local
hunting
studies.
We
simultaneously
accounted
for
population
probability
extirpation
function
several
predictors
related
to
human
accessibility
remote
areas
species'
vulnerability
hunting.
estimated
an
average
decline
13%
across
all
tropical
species,
medium-sized
species
being
reduced
>27%
large
mammals
>40%.
Mammal
populations
predicted
be
partially
defaunated
(i.e.,
10%-100%)
ca.
50%
pantropical
forest
(14
million
km2),
(>70%)
West
Africa.
According
our
projections,
52%
intact
(IFs)
62%
wilderness
(WAs)
devoid
mammals,
may
affect
protected
(PAs)
tropics,
particularly
Central
Africa
Southeast
Asia.
The
effects
overhunting
on
have
profound
ramifications
ecosystem
functioning
livelihoods
wild-meat-dependent
communities,
underscore
that
coverage
alone
is
necessarily
indicative
intactness.
call
systematic
consideration
(large-scale)
biodiversity
assessments
representative
estimates
human-induced
loss.
Journal of Mammalogy,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
100(3), С. 942 - 964
Опубликована: Янв. 4, 2019
The
diverse
functional
roles
of
over
6,000
species
extant
mammals
that
range
in
body
size
across
eight
orders
magnitude,
from
blue
whales
(Balaenoptera
musculus)
to
tiny
Etruscan
shrews
(Suncus
etruscus),
contribute
shaping
Earth's
ecosystems.
Large
mammalian
herbivores
(e.g.,
African
elephants
[Loxodonta
africana],
American
bison
[Bison
bison],
hippopotamuses
[Hippopotamus
amphibius])
and
carnivores
wolves
[Canis
lupus],
pumas
[Puma
concolor],
sea
otters
[Enhydra
lutris])
often
have
significant
effects
on
primary
producers
terrestrial,
aquatic,
marine
systems
through
nutrient
cycling,
energy
flow,
the
exertion
bottom-up
top-down
processes.
Small
mammals,
like
bats,
are
important
pollinators,
dispersers
fruits,
consumers
arthropods,
others,
especially
rodents
primates,
predators
seeds.
Many
these
mammal-mediated
processes
occur
simultaneously
same
ecosystem,
community
structure
turn
alter
communities
other
vertebrates
invertebrates.
also
ecosystem
engineers
elephants,
beavers
[Castor
canadensis],
porcupines
[Erithezon
dorsatum],
prairie
dogs
[Cynomys
spp.])
create,
significantly
modify,
or
destroy
habitat,
by
doing
so,
they
function
increase
habitat
heterogeneity
biodiversity.
extensive
influence
ecosystems
results
services
human
well-being,
such
as
pollination,
insect
pest
control,
bioturbation
soils.
rapid
declines
abundance
many
mammal
populations
associated
extinction
risk
raise
conservation
concerns
for
mammals.
To
maintain
diversity
critical
provide,
scientists
need
mobilize
concern
their
status
strive
more
effective
comprehensive
action.
We
provide
insights
synthesis
ecological
role
highlight
key
research
questions
future
directions
conservation.
The
lives
lost
and
economic
costs
of
viral
zoonotic
pandemics
have
steadily
increased
over
the
past
century.
Prominent
policymakers
promoted
plans
that
argue
best
ways
to
address
future
pandemic
catastrophes
should
entail,
“detecting
containing
emerging
threats.”
In
other
words,
we
take
actions
only
after
humans
get
sick.
We
sharply
disagree.
Humans
extensive
contact
with
wildlife
known
harbor
vast
numbers
viruses,
many
which
not
yet
spilled
into
humans.
compute
annualized
damages
from
zoonoses.
explore
three
practical
minimize
impact
pandemics:
better
surveillance
pathogen
spillover
development
global
databases
virus
genomics
serology,
management
trade,
substantial
reduction
deforestation.
find
these
primary
prevention
cost
less
than
1/20th
value
each
year
zoonoses
cobenefits.