Future threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention

Nature, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 546(7656), С. 73 - 81

Опубликована: Май 30, 2017

Язык: Английский

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Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios

Nature Climate Change, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 9(4), С. 323 - 329

Опубликована: Март 4, 2019

Язык: Английский

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The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations

Science, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 356(6334), С. 180 - 183

Опубликована: Апрель 13, 2017

Quantifying hunting-induced defaunation As the human population grows and increasingly encroaches on remaining wildlife habitat, hunting threatens many species. Benítez-López et al. conducted a large-scale meta-analysis of trends impacts across tropics (see Perspective by Brashares Gaynor). Bird mammal populations were considerably lower in areas where occurred. Although commercial proximity to roads urban centers most damaging factors, all had worrying impacts, even protected areas. Protection alternative approaches for sustainable subsistence must be implemented soon if we are prevent further, rapid defaunation. Science , this issue p. 180 ; see also 136

Язык: Английский

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Global forest loss disproportionately erodes biodiversity in intact landscapes

Nature, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 547(7664), С. 441 - 444

Опубликована: Июль 1, 2017

Язык: Английский

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A review of the major threats and challenges to global bat conservation

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 1469(1), С. 5 - 25

Опубликована: Апрель 2, 2019

Abstract Bats are an ecologically and taxonomically diverse group accounting for roughly a fifth of mammalian diversity worldwide. Many the threats bats face (e.g., habitat loss, bushmeat hunting, climate change) reflect conservation challenges our era. However, compared to other mammals birds, we know significantly less about population status most bat species, which makes prioritizing planning actions challenging. Over third species assessed by International Union Conservation Nature (IUCN) considered threatened or data deficient, well over half have unknown decreasing trends. That equals 988 80% IUCN, needing research attention. Delivering will require sustained efforts assess trends address deficiencies. Successful must integrate identify stressors their solutions test efficacy stabilize increase populations. Global regional networks that connect researchers, practitioners, local stakeholders share knowledge, build capacity, prioritize coordinate efforts, vital ensuring sustainable populations

Язык: Английский

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Extinction risk is most acute for the world’s largest and smallest vertebrates

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 114(40), С. 10678 - 10683

Опубликована: Сен. 18, 2017

Extinction risk in vertebrates has been linked to large body size, but this putative relationship only explored for select taxa, with variable results. Using a newly assembled and taxonomically expansive database, we analyzed the relationships between extinction mass (27,647 species) range size (21,294 across six main classes. We found that probability of being threatened was positively significantly related birds, cartilaginous fishes, mammals. Bimodal were evident amphibians, reptiles, bony fishes. Most importantly, bimodal all such changes around breakpoint 0.035 kg, indicating lightest heaviest have elevated risk. also be an important predictor threatened, strong negative nearly taxa. A review drivers revealed are most by direct killing humans. By contrast, habitat loss modification stemming especially from pollution, agricultural cropping, logging. Our results offer insight into halting ongoing wave vertebrate extinctions revealing vulnerability small identifying size-specific threats. Moreover, they indicate that, without intervention, anthropogenic activities will soon precipitate double truncation distribution world's vertebrates, fundamentally reordering structure life on our planet.

Язык: Английский

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Intact but empty forests? Patterns of hunting-induced mammal defaunation in the tropics

PLoS Biology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 17(5), С. e3000247 - e3000247

Опубликована: Май 14, 2019

Tropical forests are increasingly degraded by industrial logging, urbanization, agriculture, and infrastructure, with only 20% of the remaining area considered intact. However, this figure does not include other, more cryptic but pervasive forms degradation, such as overhunting. Here, we quantified mapped spatial patterns mammal defaunation in tropics using a database 3,281 abundance declines from local hunting studies. We simultaneously accounted for population probability extirpation function several predictors related to human accessibility remote areas species' vulnerability hunting. estimated an average decline 13% across all tropical species, medium-sized species being reduced >27% large mammals >40%. Mammal populations predicted be partially defaunated (i.e., 10%-100%) ca. 50% pantropical forest (14 million km2), (>70%) West Africa. According our projections, 52% intact (IFs) 62% wilderness (WAs) devoid mammals, may affect protected (PAs) tropics, particularly Central Africa Southeast Asia. The effects overhunting on have profound ramifications ecosystem functioning livelihoods wild-meat-dependent communities, underscore that coverage alone is necessarily indicative intactness. call systematic consideration (large-scale) biodiversity assessments representative estimates human-induced loss.

Язык: Английский

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The functional roles of mammals in ecosystems

Journal of Mammalogy, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 100(3), С. 942 - 964

Опубликована: Янв. 4, 2019

The diverse functional roles of over 6,000 species extant mammals that range in body size across eight orders magnitude, from blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) to tiny Etruscan shrews (Suncus etruscus), contribute shaping Earth's ecosystems. Large mammalian herbivores (e.g., African elephants [Loxodonta africana], American bison [Bison bison], hippopotamuses [Hippopotamus amphibius]) and carnivores wolves [Canis lupus], pumas [Puma concolor], sea otters [Enhydra lutris]) often have significant effects on primary producers terrestrial, aquatic, marine systems through nutrient cycling, energy flow, the exertion bottom-up top-down processes. Small mammals, like bats, are important pollinators, dispersers fruits, consumers arthropods, others, especially rodents primates, predators seeds. Many these mammal-mediated processes occur simultaneously same ecosystem, community structure turn alter communities other vertebrates invertebrates. also ecosystem engineers elephants, beavers [Castor canadensis], porcupines [Erithezon dorsatum], prairie dogs [Cynomys spp.]) create, significantly modify, or destroy habitat, by doing so, they function increase habitat heterogeneity biodiversity. extensive influence ecosystems results services human well-being, such as pollination, insect pest control, bioturbation soils. rapid declines abundance many mammal populations associated extinction risk raise conservation concerns for mammals. To maintain diversity critical provide, scientists need mobilize concern their status strive more effective comprehensive action. We provide insights synthesis ecological role highlight key research questions future directions conservation.

Язык: Английский

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Infectious Diseases and Meat Production

Environmental and Resource Economics, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 76(4), С. 1019 - 1044

Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2020

Язык: Английский

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The costs and benefits of primary prevention of zoonotic pandemics

Science Advances, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 8(5)

Опубликована: Фев. 4, 2022

The lives lost and economic costs of viral zoonotic pandemics have steadily increased over the past century. Prominent policymakers promoted plans that argue best ways to address future pandemic catastrophes should entail, “detecting containing emerging threats.” In other words, we take actions only after humans get sick. We sharply disagree. Humans extensive contact with wildlife known harbor vast numbers viruses, many which not yet spilled into humans. compute annualized damages from zoonoses. explore three practical minimize impact pandemics: better surveillance pathogen spillover development global databases virus genomics serology, management trade, substantial reduction deforestation. find these primary prevention cost less than 1/20th value each year zoonoses cobenefits.

Язык: Английский

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