Epilepsy
is
a
neurological
disease
characterized
by
repeated
unprovoked
seizure.
controlled
anti-epileptic
drugs
(AEDs);
however,
one
third
of
epileptic
patients
have
symptoms
that
are
not
AEDs
in
condition
called
refractory
epilepsy.
Dysregulation
macroautophagy/autophagy
involved
the
pathogenesis
Autophagy
prevents
development
and
progression
epilepsy
through
regulating
balance
between
inhibitory
excitatory
neurotransmitters.
Induction
autophagy
autophagy-related
proteins
could
be
novel
therapeutic
strategy
management
Despite
protective
role
against
epileptogenesis
epilepsy,
its
status
epilepticus
perplexing
might
reflect
nature
as
double-edged
sword.
inducers
play
critical
reducing
seizure
frequency
severity,
an
adjuvant
treatment
However,
inhibitors
also
anticonvulsant
effect.
Therefore,
aim
present
mini-review
to
discuss
potential
how
modulators
affect
Molecular Medicine,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
29(1)
Опубликована: Окт. 25, 2023
Abstract
Autophagy
is
an
explicit
cellular
process
to
deliver
dissimilar
cytoplasmic
misfolded
proteins,
lipids
and
damaged
organelles
the
lysosomes
for
degradation
elimination.
The
mechanistic
target
of
rapamycin
(mTOR)
main
negative
regulator
autophagy.
mTOR
pathway
involved
in
regulating
neurogenesis,
synaptic
plasticity,
neuronal
development
excitability.
Exaggerated
activity
associated
with
temporal
lobe
epilepsy,
genetic
acquired
experimental
epilepsy.
In
particular,
complex
1
(mTORC1)
mainly
epileptogenesis.
investigation
autophagy’s
involvement
epilepsy
has
recently
been
conducted,
focusing
on
critical
role
rapamycin,
autophagy
inducer,
reducing
severity
induced
seizures
animal
model
studies.
induction
could
be
innovative
therapeutic
strategy
managing
Despite
protective
against
epileptogenesis
its
status
epilepticus
(SE)
perplexing
might
beneficial
or
detrimental.
Therefore,
present
review
aims
revise
possible
npj Mental Health Research,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
3(1)
Опубликована: Май 16, 2024
Virtual
reality
has
been
found
effective
for
some
mental
disorders,
while
many
others
weak
methodology
prevents
conclusive
evidence.
Similar
to
other
digital
technologies,
the
field
particular
demands
conducting
clinical
research
which
currently
remain
poorly
addressed.
In
this
commentary,
we
discuss
unique
issues
associated
with
incorporation
of
virtual
in
research.
addition,
elaborate
on
possibility
that
these
challenges
may
also
be
consequences
current
funding
and
publication
schemes,
speculate
specific
improvement
approaches
might
more
compatible
characteristics
Abstract
Clinical
development
of
novel
antiseizure
medications
(ASMs)
would
benefit
from
an
early
proof
principle
(POP)
model.
The
photosensitivity
model,
which
uses
the
photoparoxysmal
electroencephalographic
response
(PPR)
as
a
surrogate
seizures,
is
currently
only
human
model
that
allows
POP
trials
investigational
compounds
after
single
drug
administration.
Typically,
in
this
are
performed
single‐blinded,
placebo‐controlled
phase
IIa
studies,
evaluating
range
doses
small
groups
epilepsy
patients.
In
second
part
review,
based
on
background
information
provided
Part
1,
we
analyze
outcome
all
published
over
roughly
50
years.
Many
35
drugs
tested
were
also
examined
traditional
add‐on
patients
with
epilepsy,
thus
allowing
analysis
predictivity
Drugs
categorized
into
three
groups:
suppressed
PPR;
exerted
no
effect
and
increased
PPR,
indicating
proconvulsant
effect.
For
vast
majority
drugs,
correctly
predicted
drugs'
activity
during
long‐term
studies
different
types
including
focal
onset
epilepsies.
some
compounds,
detected
had
not
been
observed
preclinical
animal
experiments
I
healthy
volunteers,
demonstrating
value
for
adverse
event
assessment
epilepsy.
Limitations
it
does
predict
extent
resistance
patients'
seizures
chronic
administration
or
efficacy
differentiation
existing
ASMs.
Photosensitive
useful
tool
to
quantitatively
aiding
dose
selection
subsequent
larger
IIb
Neurochemical Research,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
49(3), С. 533 - 547
Опубликована: Ноя. 25, 2023
Epilepsy
is
a
neurological
disease
characterized
by
repeated
seizures.
Despite
of
that
the
brain-derived
neurotrophic
factor
(BDNF)
implicated
in
pathogenesis
epileptogenesis
and
epilepsy,
BDNF
may
have
neuroprotective
effect
against
epilepsy.
Thus,
goal
present
review
was
to
highlight
protective
detrimental
roles
In
this
review,
we
also
try
find
relation
with
other
signaling
pathways
cellular
processes
including
autophagy,
mTOR
pathway,
progranulin
(PGN),
α-Synuclein
(α-Syn)
which
negatively
positively
regulate
BDNF/tyrosine
kinase
receptor
B
(TrkB)
pathway.
Therefore,
assessment
levels
epilepsy
should
be
related
neuronal
types
both
preclinical
clinical
studies.
conclusion,
there
strong
controversy
concerning
potential
role
preclinical,
molecular,
studies
are
warranted
regard.
Virtual
reality
(VR)
systems
have
grown
in
popularity
as
an
immersive
modality
for
daily
activities
such
gaming,
socializing,
and
working.
However,
this
technology
is
not
always
accessible
people
with
photosensitive
epilepsy
(PSE)
who
may
experience
seizures
or
other
adverse
symptoms
when
exposed
to
certain
light
stimuli
(e.g.,
flashes
strobes).
How
can
VR
be
made
more
inclusive
safer
PSE?
In
paper,
we
report
on
a
series
of
semi-structured
interviews
about
current
perceptions
accessibility
among
PSE.
We
identify
12
barriers
that
fall
into
four
categories:
physical
equipment,
interfaces
content,
specific
applications,
individual
differences
sensitivity.
Our
findings
allow
researchers
practitioners
better
understand
the
meaning
context
VR,
provide
step
towards
enabling
PSE
enjoy
benefits
offered
by
technology.
Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
19(1)
Опубликована: Окт. 7, 2022
Abstract
Background
Virtual
reality
(VR)
has
been
used
as
a
technological
medium
to
deliver
mirror
therapy
interventions
with
people
after
stroke
in
numerous
applications
promising
results.
The
recent
emergence
of
affordable,
off-the-shelf
head-mounted
displays
(like
the
Oculus
Rift
or
HTC
Vive)
opened
possibility
for
novel
and
cost-effective
approaches
immersive
interventions.
We
have
developed
one
such
system,
ART-VR,
which
allows
carry
out
clinically-validated
protocol
an
virtual
environment
within
clinical
setting.
Methods
A
case
cohort
11
upper
limb
paresis
following
first
time
at
in-patient
rehabilitation
facility
received
three
over
week
period.
Participants
carried
BeST
using
our
VR
system
adjunct
their
standard
program.
Our
feasibility
study
investigated
intervention
outcomes,
acceptance
user
experience.
Results
results
show
that
combination
is
feasible
use.
9
participants
showed
some
improvement
affected
hand
intervention.
vast
majority
(9/11)
reported
experiencing
psycho-physical
effects,
tingling
paraesthesia,
during
Conclusions
findings
VR-based
shows
effects
comparable
those
conventional
therapy.
Trial
Registration
was
registered
ISRCTN
Registry
(ISRCTN34011164)
on
December
3,
2021,
retrospectively
Sensors,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
23(4), С. 2312 - 2312
Опубликована: Фев. 19, 2023
Photosensitivity
is
a
neurological
disorder
in
which
person's
brain
produces
epileptic
discharges,
known
as
Photoparoxysmal
Responses
(PPRs),
when
it
receives
certain
visual
stimuli.
The
current
standardized
diagnosis
process
used
hospitals
consists
of
submitting
the
subject
to
Intermittent
Photic
Stimulation
and
attempting
trigger
these
phenomena.
activity
measured
by
an
Electroencephalogram
(EEG),
clinical
specialists
manually
look
for
PPRs
that
were
provoked
during
session.
Due
nature
this
disorder,
long
EEG
recordings
may
contain
very
few
PPR
segments,
meaning
highly
imbalanced
dataset
available.
To
tackle
problem,
research
focused
on
applying
Data
Augmentation
(DA)
create
synthetic
segments
from
real
ones,
improving
balance
and,
thus,
global
performance
Machine
Learning
techniques
applied
automatic
detection.
K-Nearest
Neighbors
One-Hidden-Dense-Layer
Neural
Network
employed
evaluate
DA
stage.
results
showed
able
improve
models,
making
them
more
robust
generalize.
A
comparison
with
obtained
previous
experiment
also
improvement
around
20%
Accuracy
Specificity
measurements
without
Sensitivity
suffering
any
losses.
This
project
currently
being
carried
out
subjects
at
Burgos
University
Hospital,
Spain.
Frontiers in Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
17
Опубликована: Янв. 5, 2024
Studying
states
and
state
transitions
in
the
brain
is
challenging
due
to
nonlinear,
complex
dynamics.
In
this
research,
we
analyze
brain's
response
non-invasive
perturbations.
Perturbation
techniques
offer
a
powerful
method
for
studying
dynamics,
though
their
translation
human
data
under-explored.
This
involves
applying
small
inputs,
case
via
photic
stimulation,
system
measuring
its
response.
Sensitivity
perturbations
can
forewarn
transition.
Therefore,
biomarkers
of
perturbation
or
“cortical
excitability”
could
be
used
indicate
seizure
transitions.
However,
perturbing
often
invasive
intracranial
surgeries
expensive
equipment
such
as
transcranial
magnetic
stimulation
(TMS)
which
only
accessible
minority
patient
groups,
animal
model
studies.
Photic
widely
diagnostic
technique
epilepsy
that
paradigm
probe
dynamics
during
routine
electroencephalography
(EEG)
studies
humans.
changing
frequency
strobing
light,
sometimes
triggering
photo-paroxysmal
(PPR),
an
electrographic
event
studied
transition
state.
We
investigate
alterations
these
patients
with
genetic
generalized
(GGE),
(
n
=
10)
without
PPR,
psychogenic
non-epileptic
seizures
(PNES;
10),
compared
resting
controls
10).
Metrics
EEG
time-series
were
evaluated
including
variance,
autocorrelation,
phase-based
synchrony
measures.
observed
considerable
differences
all
group
biomarker
distributions
controls.
particular,
variance
autocorrelation
demonstrated
greater
changes
epochs
close
PPR
earlier
epochs.
Comparison
spontaneous
morphology
found
them
indistinguishable,
suggesting
valid
proxy
Also,
expected,
posterior
channels
greatest
change
measures,
possibly
reflecting
underlying
pathophysiologic
mechanisms.
clearly
demonstrate
observable
at
level
cortical
excitability
data.
Our
work
re-frames
capable
inducing
measurable
