Sex and Gender Differences in Risk, Pathophysiology and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Endocrine Reviews, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 37(3), С. 278 - 316

Опубликована: Май 9, 2016

The steep rise of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated complications go along with mounting evidence clinically important sex gender differences. T2DM is more frequently diagnosed at lower age body mass index in men; however, the most prominent risk factor, which obesity, common women. Generally, large sex-ratio differences across countries are observed. Diversities biology, culture, lifestyle, environment, socioeconomic status impact between males females predisposition, development, clinical presentation. Genetic effects epigenetic mechanisms, nutritional factors sedentary lifestyle affect differently both sexes. Furthermore, hormones have a great on energy metabolism, composition, vascular function, inflammatory responses. Thus, endocrine imbalances relate to unfavorable cardiometabolic traits, observable women androgen excess or men hypogonadism. Both biological psychosocial responsible for outcome. Overall, stress appears greater rather than men. In addition, increases cardiovascular risk, myocardial infarction, stroke mortality men, compared nondiabetic subjects. However, when dialysis therapy initiated, comparable females. Diabetes attenuate protective effect female development cardiac diseases nephropathy. Endocrine behavioral involved inequalities More research regarding sex-dimorphic pathophysiological mechanisms its could contribute personalized care future would thus promote awareness terms sex- gender-specific factors.

Язык: Английский

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Melatonin as an antioxidant: under promises but over delivers

Journal of Pineal Research, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 61(3), С. 253 - 278

Опубликована: Авг. 8, 2016

Melatonin is uncommonly effective in reducing oxidative stress under a remarkably large number of circumstances. It achieves this action via variety means: direct detoxification reactive oxygen and nitrogen species indirectly by stimulating antioxidant enzymes while suppressing the activity pro-oxidant enzymes. In addition to these well-described actions, melatonin also reportedly chelates transition metals, which are involved Fenton/Haber-Weiss reactions; doing so, reduces formation devastatingly toxic hydroxyl radical resulting reduction stress. Melatonin's ubiquitous but unequal intracellular distribution, including its high concentrations mitochondria, likely aid capacity resist cellular apoptosis. There credible evidence suggest that should be classified as mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. prevent damage associated physiological debilitation well documented numerous experimental ischemia/reperfusion (hypoxia/reoxygenation) studies especially brain (stroke) heart (heart attack). Melatonin, antiradical mechanisms, toxicity noxious prescription drugs methamphetamine, drug abuse. Experimental findings indicate renders treatment-resistant cancers sensitive various therapeutic agents may useful, due multiple delaying perhaps treating age-related diseases dehumanizing conditions. has been effectively used combat stress, inflammation apoptosis restore tissue function human trials; efficacy supports more extensive use wider studies. The high-safety profile bolsters conclusion. current feeling authors that, view widely diverse beneficial functions have reported for melatonin, merely epiphenomena fundamental, yet-to-be identified basic action(s) ancient molecule.

Язык: Английский

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Branched-chain amino acids in metabolic signalling and insulin resistance

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 10(12), С. 723 - 736

Опубликована: Окт. 7, 2014

Язык: Английский

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Roles of melatonin in abiotic stress resistance in plants

Journal of Experimental Botany, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 66(3), С. 647 - 656

Опубликована: Авг. 14, 2014

In recent years melatonin has emerged as a research highlight in plant studies. Melatonin different functions many aspects of growth and development. The most frequently mentioned are related to abiotic stresses such drought, radiation, extreme temperature, chemical stresses. This review mainly focuses on the regulatory effects when plants face harsh environmental conditions. Evidence indicates that stress can increase level endogenous plants. Overexpression biosynthetic genes elevates levels transgenic show enhanced tolerance Exogenously applied also improve ability tolerate mechanisms by which alleviates discussed.

Язык: Английский

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Melatonin as a Hormone: New Physiological and Clinical Insights

Endocrine Reviews, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 39(6), С. 990 - 1028

Опубликована: Сен. 12, 2018

Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule present in almost every live being from bacteria to humans. In vertebrates, besides produced peripheral tissues and acting as an autocrine paracrine signal, melatonin centrally synthetized by neuroendocrine organ, the pineal gland. Independently of considered species, hormone always during night its production secretory episode duration are directly dependent on length night. As tightly linked light/dark cycle, main hormonal systemic integrative action coordinate behavioral physiological adaptations environmental geophysical day season. The circadian signal daily regularity, contrast between concentrations, specially developed ways action. During episode, coordinates adaptive physiology through immediate effects primes responses prospective that will only appear at daytime, when absent. Similarly, annual history central nervous/endocrine system seasons come. Remarkably, maternal programs fetuses' behavior cope with cycle season after birth. These unique turn into biological time-domain–acting molecule. review focuses above considerations, proposes putative classification clinical dysfunctions, discusses general guidelines therapeutic use melatonin.

Язык: Английский

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Melatonin as a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant: one of evolution’s best ideas

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 74(21), С. 3863 - 3881

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2017

Язык: Английский

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Melatonin reprogramming of gut microbiota improves lipid dysmetabolism in high‐fat diet‐fed mice

Journal of Pineal Research, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 65(4)

Опубликована: Сен. 19, 2018

Melatonin has been shown to improve lipid metabolism and gut microbiota communities in animals humans; however, it remains know whether melatonin prevents obesity through microbiota. Here, we found that high-fat diet promoted the accumulation intestinal dysbiosis mice, while oral supplementation alleviated reversed dysbiosis, including diversity of microbiota, relative abundances Bacteroides Alistipes, functional profiling microbial communities, such as energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism. Interestingly, failed alleviate high-fat-induced antibiotic-treated mice; transplantation from melatonin-treated mice diet-induced metabolic disorders. Notably, short-chain fatty acids were decreased diet-fed treatment improved production acetic acid. Correlation analysis a marked correlation between acid Alistipes. Importantly, sodium acetate also Taken together, our results suggest improves potential mechanisms may be associated with reprogramming especially, Alistipes-mediated production. Future studies are needed for patients syndrome fully understand melatonin's effects on body weight profiles mechanism

Язык: Английский

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Apoptosis signaling pathways in osteoarthritis and possible protective role of melatonin

Journal of Pineal Research, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 61(4), С. 411 - 425

Опубликована: Авг. 24, 2016

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive erosion of articular cartilage. As chondrocytes are the only cell type forming cartilage, their gradual loss main cause OA. There substantial body published research that suggests reactive oxygen species (ROS) major causative factors for chondrocyte damage and OA development. Oxidative stress elicited ROS capable oxidizing subsequently disrupting cartilage homeostasis, promoting catabolism via induction death damaging numerous components joint. IL-1β TNF-α crucial inflammatory play pivotal roles in pathogenesis In this process, mitochondria source production cells, suggesting role mitochondrial dysfunction arthritis. This may also be promoted cytokines such as which contribute to death. patients with OA, expression endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated molecules positively correlated degeneration. Melatonin its metabolites broad-spectrum antioxidants free radical scavengers regulate variety molecular pathways inflammation, proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis different pathophysiological situations. Herein, we review effects melatonin on focusing ability apoptotic processes ER activity. We evaluate likely protective pathogenesis.

Язык: Английский

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Melatonin prevents obesity through modulation of gut microbiota in mice

Journal of Pineal Research, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 62(4)

Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2017

Excess weight and obesity are severe public health threats worldwide. Recent evidence demonstrates that gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to its comorbidities. The body weight-reducing energy balancing effects of melatonin have been reported in several studies, but date, no investigations toward examining whether the beneficial associated with carried out. In this study, we show reduces weight, liver steatosis, low-grade inflammation as well improving insulin resistance high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. High-throughput pyrosequencing 16S rRNA demonstrated treatment significantly changed composition mice fed an HFD. richness diversity were notably decreased by melatonin. HFD feeding altered 69 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) compare a normal chow (NCD) group, supplementation reversed 14 OTUs same configuration than those present NCD thereby impacting various functions, particular through ability decrease Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio increase abundance mucin-degrading bacteria Akkermansia, which is healthy mucosa. Taken together, our results suggest may be used probiotic agent reverse HFD-induced help us gain better understanding mechanisms governing effects.

Язык: Английский

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Melatonin in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 15(2), С. 105 - 125

Опубликована: Дек. 7, 2018

Язык: Английский

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