Genomes and secretomes of Ascomycota fungi reveal diverse functions in plant biomass decomposition and pathogenesis

BMC Genomics, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 20(1)

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2019

Abstract Background The dominant fungi in arid grasslands and shrublands are members of the Ascomycota phylum. important drivers carbon nitrogen cycling ecosystems. These play roles soil stability, plant biomass decomposition, endophytic interactions with plants. They may also form symbiotic associations biocrust components or be latent saprotrophs pathogens that live on tissues. However, their functional potential soils, where organic matter, nutrients water very low only periodically available, is poorly characterized. Results Five were isolated from different crust microhabitats rhizosphere soils around native bunchgrass Pleuraphis jamesii an grassland near Moab, UT, USA. Putative genera Coniochaeta , lichen biocrust, Embellisia cyanobacteria Chaetomium below Phoma a moss microhabitat, Aspergillus soil. grown replicate cultures sources (chitin, pine wood) relevant to sources. Secretomes produced by each substrate demonstrate these likely interact primary producers (biocrust plants) secreting wide range proteins facilitate associations. Each fungal isolates secreted enzymes degrade biomass, small effector proteins, involved either beneficial virulence. expressed more degrading when grass- pine-containing than chitin. similar numbers under all conditions, while grass-containing cultures. Conclusions This study genomes secretomes provides insights about lifestyles grassland, exact nature those interactions, whether any true endophytes, opportunistic phytopathogens, will topic future studies.

Язык: Английский

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Mechanisms of Broad Host Range Necrotrophic Pathogenesis in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Phytopathology, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 108(10), С. 1128 - 1140

Опубликована: Июль 26, 2018

Among necrotrophic fungi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is remarkable for its extremely broad host range and aggressive tissue colonization. With full genome sequencing, transcriptomic analyses the increasing pace of functional gene characterization, factors underlying basis this pathogenesis are now being elucidated at a greater pace. these, genes have been characterized that required infection via compound appressoria in addition to associated with colonization regulate oxalic acid (OA) production OA catabolism. Moreover, virulence-related secretory proteins identified, among which candidates manipulating activities apoplastically cytoplasmically. Coupled these mechanistic studies, cytological observations process blurred heretofore clear-cut biotroph versus necrotroph boundary. In review, we reexamine cytology S. put more recent molecular genomic data into context cytology. We propose two-phase model pathogen first evades, counteracts subverts basal defense reactions prior killing degrading cells. Spatially, may achieve compatibility factors/effectors appressoria, bulbous subcuticular hyphae, primary invasive hyphae. By examining nuances interaction, hope illuminate new classes as targets improve our understanding pathogens provide corresponding resistance.

Язык: Английский

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How light affects the life of Botrytis

Fungal Genetics and Biology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 106, С. 26 - 41

Опубликована: Июнь 23, 2017

Fungi, like other organisms, actively sense the environmental light conditions in order to drive adaptive responses, including protective mechanisms against light-associated stresses, and regulate development. Ecological niches are characterized by different regimes, for instance is absent underground, spectra from sunlight changed underwater or under canopy of foliage due absorption distinct wavelengths bacterial, algal plant pigments. Considering fact that fungi have evolved adapt their habitats, complexities 'visual' systems may vary significantly. Fungi pathogenic on plants experience a special regime because host always seeks optimum photosynthesis – pathogen has cope with this environment. When lives indirectly exposed sunlight, it confronted an altered spectrum enriched green far-red light. Botrytis cinerea, gray mold fungus, aggressive mainly infecting above-ground parts plant. As outlined review, Leotiomycete maintains highly sophisticated signaling machinery, integrating (near)-UV, blue, green, red signals use at least eleven potential photoreceptors trigger variety i.e. protection (pigmentation, enzymatic systems), morphogenesis (conidiation, apothecial development), entrainment circadian clock, positive negative tropism multicellular (conidiophores, apothecia) unicellular structures (conidial germ tubes). In sense, 'looking through eyes' will expand our knowledge fungal photobiology.

Язык: Английский

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Ultraviolet Radiation From a Plant Perspective: The Plant-Microorganism Context

Frontiers in Plant Science, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 11

Опубликована: Дек. 15, 2020

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation directly affects plants and microorganisms, but also alters the species-specific interactions between them. The distinct bands of UV radiation, UV-A, UV-B, UV-C have different effects on their associated microorganisms. While UV-A UV-B mainly affect morphogenesis phototropism, strongly trigger secondary metabolite production. Short wave (<350 nm) negatively plant pathogens in direct indirect ways. Direct can be ascribed to DNA damage, protein polymerization, enzyme inactivation increased cell membrane permeability. is most energetic thus more effective at lower doses kill by consequence often causes damage. Indirect specific pathways such as UVR8-dependent upregulated defense responses plants, ROS accumulation, production phenolic compounds. In this review, we summarize physiological molecular microorganisms interactions. Considerations for use control pathogenic well non-pathogenic, are listed. Effects increasing specialized metabolites with pre-treatment, or affecting

Язык: Английский

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Introduction of Large Sequence Inserts by CRISPR-Cas9 To Create Pathogenicity Mutants in the Multinucleate Filamentous Pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

mBio, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 9(3)

Опубликована: Июнь 25, 2018

The necrotrophic fungal plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is responsible for substantial global crop losses annually resulting in localized food insecurity and loss of livelihood. Understanding the basis this broad-host-range aggressive pathogenicity hampered by quantitative nature both host resistance virulence. To improve understanding, methods efficient functional gene characterization that build upon existing complete S. genome sequence are needed. Here, we report on development a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9)-mediated strategy creating disruption mutants application technique exploring roles known hypothesized virulence factors. A key finding research transformation with circular plasmid encoding Cas9, target single guide RNA (sgRNA), selectable marker resulted high frequency targeted, insertional mutation. We observed 100% integrated large rearranged segments transforming at site facilitated nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair pathway. This result was confirmed multiple sites within same three independent wild-type isolates second gene. Targeting previously characterized Ssoah1 allowed us to confirm loss-of-function CRISPR-Cas9-mediated explore new aspects mutant phenotype. Applying technology create mutations uncharacterized determine requirement melanin accumulation infection structure function.IMPORTANCE Fungi cause diseases rotting or blighting tissue limited specificity remain among most difficult control. largely due understanding pathogenicity. mechanistic requires ability manipulate candidate genes test hypotheses regarding their disease development. notorious these so-called pathogens. work described here provides method rapidly constructing vectors efficiency compared methods. characterize functions sclerotiorum, oxalic acid production as factor fungus demonstrate not required infection. Using approach, pace related will increase.

Язык: Английский

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The Destructive Fungal Pathogen Botrytis cinerea—Insights from Genes Studied with Mutant Analysis

Pathogens, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 9(11), С. 923 - 923

Опубликована: Ноя. 7, 2020

Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens affecting numerous plant hosts, including many important crop species. As a molecularly under-studied organism, its genome was only sequenced at beginning this century and it recently updated with improved gene annotation completeness. In review, we summarize key molecular studies on B. developmental pathogenesis processes, specifically genes studied comprehensively mutant analysis. Analyses these have unveiled in biological processes pathogen, hyphal growth, sclerotial formation, conidiation, pathogenicity melanization. addition, our synthesis has uncovered gaps present knowledge regarding development virulence mechanisms. We hope review will serve to enhance mechanisms behind notorious pathogen.

Язык: Английский

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The infection cushion of Botrytis cinerea: a fungal ‘weapon’ of plant‐biomass destruction

Environmental Microbiology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 23(4), С. 2293 - 2314

Опубликована: Фев. 7, 2021

The necrotrophic plant-pathogen fungus Botrytis cinerea produces multicellular appressoria dedicated to plant penetration, named infection cushions (IC). A microarray analysis was performed identify genes upregulated in mature IC. expression data were validated by RT-qPCR vitro and planta, proteomic of the IC secretome biochemical assays. 1231 79 up-accumulated proteins identified. support secretion effectors IC: phytotoxins, ROS, proteases, cutinases, cell wall-degrading enzymes death-inducing proteins. Parallel upregulation sugar transport catabolism-encoding would indicate a role nutrition. also reveal substantial remodelling wall suggest for melanin chitosan function. Lastly, mutagenesis two identified secreted fasciclin-like as actors pathogenesis B. cinerea. These results penetration introduce other unexpected functions this fungal organ, colonization, necrotrophy nutrition pathogen.

Язык: Английский

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Melanin of fungi: from classification to application

World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 38(12)

Опубликована: Сен. 23, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Reactive oxygen species in development and infection processes

Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 57, С. 138 - 146

Опубликована: Апрель 2, 2016

Язык: Английский

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Two separate key enzymes and two pathway‐specific transcription factors are involved in fusaric acid biosynthesis in Fusarium fujikuroi

Environmental Microbiology, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 18(3), С. 936 - 956

Опубликована: Дек. 11, 2015

Fusaric acid (FSA) is a mycotoxin produced by several fusaria, including the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi. Genes involved in FSA biosynthesis were previously identified as cluster containing polyketide synthase (PKS)-encoding (FUB1) and four additional genes (FUB2-FUB5). However, biosynthetic steps leading to well origin of nitrogen atom, which incorporated into backbone, remained unknown. In this study, seven (FUB6-FUB12) via manipulation global regulator FfSge1. The extended FUB gene encodes two Zn(II)2 Cys6 transcription factors: Fub10 positively regulates expression all genes, whereas Fub12 formation derivatives, i.e. dehydrofusaric fusarinolic acid, serving detoxification mechanism. major facilitator superfamily transporter Fub11 functions export out cell essential when levels become critical. Next Fub1, second key enzyme was identified, non-canonical non-ribosomal peptide synthetase Fub8. Chemical analyses generated mutant strains allowed for identification triketide PKS product proposition an pathway, thereby unravelling unique hybrid metabolite consisting amino moiety.

Язык: Английский

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