Combatting global grassland degradation

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 2(10), С. 720 - 735

Опубликована: Сен. 7, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Grassland soil carbon sequestration: Current understanding, challenges, and solutions

Science, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 377(6606), С. 603 - 608

Опубликована: Авг. 4, 2022

Grasslands store approximately one third of the global terrestrial carbon stocks and can act as an important soil sink. Recent studies show that plant diversity increases organic (SOC) storage by elevating inputs to belowground biomass promoting microbial necromass contribution SOC storage. Climate change affects grassland modifying processes catabolism anabolism. Improved grazing management biodiversity restoration provide low-cost and/or high-carbon-gain options for natural climate solutions in grasslands. The achievable sequestration potential grasslands is 2.3 7.3 billion tons dioxide equivalents per year (CO2e year-1) restoration, 148 699 megatons CO2e year-1 improved management, 147 sown legumes pasturelands.

Язык: Английский

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Microbial formation of stable soil carbon is more efficient from belowground than aboveground input

Nature Geoscience, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 12(1), С. 46 - 53

Опубликована: Ноя. 13, 2018

Язык: Английский

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Soil-Related Sustainable Development Goals: Four Concepts to Make Land Degradation Neutrality and Restoration Work

Land, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 7(4), С. 133 - 133

Опубликована: Ноя. 10, 2018

In the effort to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related food, health, water, and climate, an increase in pressure on land is highly likely. To avoid further degradation promote restoration, multifunctional use of needed within boundaries soil-water system. addition, awareness-raising, a change stakeholders’ attitudes, economics are essential. The attainment balance between economy, society, biosphere calls for holistic approach. this paper, we introduce four concepts that consider be conducive realizing LDN more integrated way: systems thinking, connectivity, nature-based solutions, regenerative economics. We illustrate application these through three examples agricultural settings. Systems thinking lies at base others, stressing feedback loops but also delayed responses. Their simultaneous will result robust which sustainable from environmental, societal, economic point view. Solutions need take into account level scale (global, national, regional, local), interests culture, availability financial natural capital. Furthermore, solutions embed short-term management long-term landscape planning. conclusion, paradigm shifts needed. First, it necessary move excessive exploitation combination with environmental protection, accomplish this, new business models based thinking; approach integrates social, interests. Second, shift “system follows function” towards “function system” one. Only by making transition socio-economical-ecological analysis, using such as do stand chance Land Degradation Neutrality 2030. make shifts, awareness-raising relation different type governance, economy land-use planning

Язык: Английский

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Tamm Review: Influence of forest management activities on soil organic carbon stocks: A knowledge synthesis

Forest Ecology and Management, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 466, С. 118127 - 118127

Опубликована: Апрель 8, 2020

Almost half of the total organic carbon (C) in terrestrial ecosystems is stored forest soils. By altering rates input or release C from soils, management activities can influence soil stocks forests. In this review, we synthesize current evidence regarding influences 13 common practices on stocks. Afforestation former croplands generally increases stocks, whereas grasslands and peatlands, are unchanged even reduced following afforestation. The conversion primary forests to secondary reduces particularly if land converted an agricultural land-use prior reforestation. Harvesting, clear-cut harvesting, results a reduction floor upper mineral soil. Removal residues by harvesting whole-trees stumps negatively affects Soil disturbance site preparation decreases top soil, however improved growth tree seedlings may outweigh losses over rotation. Nitrogen (N) addition has overall positive effect across wide range ecosystems. Likewise, higher faster accumulation occur under species with N-fixing associates. Stocks also differ different species, coniferous accumulating more broadleaved tending store There some that increased diversity could positively affect temperate subtropical forests, but identity, seems have stronger impact than diversity. Management stand density thinning small effects high populations ungulate herbivores, herbivory levels increase plant biomass for fodder fuel related Fire such as prescribed burning reduce less so wildfires which intense. For each practice, identify existing gaps knowledge suggest research address gaps.

Язык: Английский

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Pathways of mineral‐associated soil organic matter formation: Integrating the role of plant carbon source, chemistry, and point of entry

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 25(1), С. 12 - 24

Опубликована: Окт. 19, 2018

To predict the behavior of terrestrial carbon cycle, it is critical to understand source, formation pathway, and chemical composition soil organic matter (SOM). There emerging consensus that slow-cycling SOM generally consists relatively low molecular weight substrates enter mineral as dissolved associate with surfaces (referred "mineral-associated OM," or MAOM). However, much debate contradictory evidence persist around: (a) whether C within MAOM pool primarily originate from aboveground vs. belowground plant sources (b) directly sorb undergo microbial transformation prior their incorporation into MAOM. Here, we attempt reconcile disparate views on by proposing a spatially explicit set processes link source pathway. Specifically, because distinct regions soil, propose fine-scale differences in abundance should determine probability substrate-microbe substrate-mineral interaction. Thus, areas high density (e.g., rhizosphere other hotspots) occur through an vivo turnover pathway favor are first biosynthesized carbon-use efficiency pool. In contrast, certain bulk soil), direct sorption intact partially oxidized compounds uncolonized surfaces, minimizing importance efficiency, favoring strong "sorptive affinity." Through this framework, thus describe how primacy biotic abiotic controls dynamics not mutually exclusive, but rather dictated. Such understanding may be integral more accurately modeling across different spatial scales.

Язык: Английский

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Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO₂

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 229(5), С. 2413 - 2445

Опубликована: Авг. 13, 2020

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2 ]) is increasing, which increases leaf-scale photosynthesis and intrinsic water-use efficiency. These direct responses have the potential to increase plant growth, vegetation biomass, soil organic matter; transferring from atmosphere into terrestrial ecosystems (a sink). A substantial global sink would slow rate of [CO2 ] thus climate change. However, ecosystem CO2 are complex or confounded by concurrent changes in multiple agents change evidence for a ]-driven can appear contradictory. Here we synthesize theory broad, multidisciplinary effects increasing (iCO2 ) on sink. Evidence suggests since pre-industrial times. Established theory, supported experiments, indicates that iCO2 likely responsible about half increase. Global budgeting, atmospheric data, forest inventories indicate historical sink, these apparent high comparison experiments predictions theory. Plant mortality highly uncertain. In conclusion, range supports positive response , albeit with uncertain magnitude strong suggestion role additional

Язык: Английский

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Evidence for the primacy of living root inputs, not root or shoot litter, in forming soil organic carbon

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 221(1), С. 233 - 246

Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2018

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is primarily formed from plant inputs, but the relative (C) contributions living root inputs (i.e. rhizodeposits) vs litter + shoot litter) are poorly understood. Recent theory suggests that exert a disproportionate influence on SOC formation, few field studies have explicitly tested this by separately tracking as they move through soil food web and into distinct pools. We used manipulative experiment with an annual C4 grass in forest understory to differentially track its assess net formation over multiple years. show 2-13 times more efficient than forming both slow-cycling, mineral-associated well fast-cycling, particulate C. Furthermore, we demonstrate efficiently anabolized microbial community en route pool (dubbed 'the vivo turnover pathway'). Overall, our findings provide support for primacy of SOC. However, also highlight possibility nonadditive effects which may deplete pools despite greater rates.

Язык: Английский

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Global stocks and capacity of mineral-associated soil organic carbon

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13(1)

Опубликована: Июль 1, 2022

Abstract Soil is the largest terrestrial reservoir of organic carbon and central for climate change mitigation carbon-climate feedbacks. Chemical physical associations soil with minerals play a critical role in storage, but amount global capacity storage this form remain unquantified. Here, we produce spatially-resolved estimates mineral-associated stocks carbon-storage by analyzing 1144 globally-distributed profiles. We show that current total 899 Pg C to depth 1 m non-permafrost mineral soils. Although constitutes 66% 70% surface deeper layers, respectively, it only 42% 21% mineralogical capacity. Regions under agricultural management layers undersaturation carbon. Critically, degree indicates sequestration efficiency over years decades. that, across 103 carbon-accrual measurements spanning interventions globally, soils furthest from their are more effective at accruing carbon; rates average 3-times higher one tenth compared half Our findings provide insights into world’s soils, store carbon, priority regions actions management.

Язык: Английский

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Soil carbon sequestration accelerated by restoration of grassland biodiversity

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 10(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 12, 2019

Abstract Agriculturally degraded and abandoned lands can remove atmospheric CO 2 sequester it as soil organic matter during natural succession. However, this process may be slow, requiring a century or longer to re-attain pre-agricultural carbon levels. Here, we find that restoration of late-successional grassland plant diversity leads accelerating annual storage rates that, by the second period (years 13–22), are 200% greater in our highest treatment than succession at site, 70% monocultures. The higher 13–22) associated with aboveground production root biomass period, presence multiple species, especially C4 grasses legumes. Our results suggest high greatly increase capture on agricultural lands.

Язык: Английский

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