The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health

Annals of Global Health, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 89(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

Plastics have conveyed great benefits to humanity and made possible some of the most significant advances modern civilization in fields as diverse medicine, electronics, aerospace, construction, food packaging, sports. It is now clear, however, that plastics are also responsible for harms human health, economy, earth's environment. These occur at every stage plastic life cycle, from extraction coal, oil, gas its main feedstocks through ultimate disposal into The extent these not been systematically assessed, their magnitude fully quantified, economic costs comprehensively counted.The goals this Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Human Health examine plastics' impacts across cycle on: (1) health well-being; (2) global environment, especially ocean; (3) economy; (4) vulnerable populations-the poor, minorities, world's children. On basis examination, offers science-based recommendations designed support development a Global Treaty, protect save lives.This report contains seven Sections. Following an Introduction, Section 2 presents narrative review processes involved production, use, notes hazards environment associated with each stages. 3 describes ocean potential enter marine web result exposure. 4 details health. 5 first-order estimate health-related costs. 6 examines intersection between plastic, social inequity, environmental injustice. 7 Commission's findings recommendations.Plastics complex, highly heterogeneous, synthetic chemical materials. Over 98% produced fossil carbon- oil gas. comprised carbon-based polymer backbone thousands additional chemicals incorporated polymers convey specific properties such color, flexibility, stability, water repellence, flame retardation, ultraviolet resistance. Many added toxic. They include carcinogens, neurotoxicants endocrine disruptors phthalates, bisphenols, per- poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), brominated retardants, organophosphate retardants. integral components many environment.Global production has increased almost exponentially since World War II, time more than 8,300 megatons (Mt) manufactured. Annual volume grown under Mt 1950 460 2019, 230-fold increase, track triple by 2060. More half all ever 2002. Single-use account 35-40% current represent rapidly growing segment manufacture.Explosive recent growth reflects deliberate pivot integrated multinational fossil-carbon corporations produce manufacture plastics. reducing fuels increasing manufacture. two principal factors decreasing demand due increases 'green' energy, massive expansion fracking.Plastic energy-intensive contributes significantly climate change. At present, estimated 3.7% greenhouse emissions, contribution Brazil. This fraction projected increase 4.5% 2060 if trends continue unchecked.The three phases: disposal. In carbon feedstocks-coal, gas, oil-are transformed energy-intensive, catalytic vast array products. Plastic use occurs aspect results widespread exposure contained plastic. constitute largest portion followed fibers construction.Plastic inefficient, recovery recycling rates below 10% globally. 22 waste enters year, much it single-use gigatons accumulated 1950. Strategies controlled uncontrolled landfilling, open burning, thermal conversion, export. Vast quantities exported year high-income low-income countries, where accumulates landfills, pollutes air water, degrades vital ecosystems, befouls beaches estuaries, health-environmental injustice scale. Plastic-laden e-waste particularly problematic.Plastics plastic-associated pollution. contaminate aquatic (marine freshwater), terrestrial, atmospheric environments destination found throughout ocean, including coastal regions, sea surface, deep sea, polar ice. appear resist breakdown could persist decades. Macro- micro-plastic particles identified hundreds species major taxa, consumed humans. Trophic transfer microplastic within them demonstrated. Although themselves (>10 µm) undergo biomagnification, hydrophobic bioaccumulate animals biomagnify webs. amounts fates smaller nanoplastic (MNPs <10 poorly understood, but harm worrying given mobility biological systems. Adverse pollution multiple levels molecular biochemical population ecosystem. MNP contamination seafood direct, though well chemicals. Marine endangers ecosystems upon which depends food, oxygen, livelihood, well-being.Coal miners, workers field who extract suffer mortality traumatic injury, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary lung cancer. risk leukemia, lymphoma, hepatic angiosarcoma, brain cancer, breast mesothelioma, neurotoxic decreased fertility. Workers producing textiles die bladder interstitial disease rates. toxic metal poisoning, neuropathy, Residents "fenceline" communities adjacent sites experience risks premature birth, low birth weight, asthma, childhood cancer.During disposal, release additives residual monomers people. National biomonitoring surveys USA document population-wide exposures disrupt function births, neurodevelopmental disorders, male reproductive defects, infertility, obesity, renal cancers. Chemical-laden MNPs formed degradation can living organisms, Emerging, albeit still incomplete evidence indicates may cause toxicity physical toxicological effects acting vectors transport bacterial pathogens tissues cells.Infants womb young children populations high plastic-related effects. Because exquisite sensitivity early hazardous children's unique patterns exposure, linked prematurity, stillbirth, defects organs, impairment, impaired growth, Early-life non-communicable diseases later life.Plastic's We 2015 exceeded $250 billion (2015 Int$) globally, alone disability caused PBDE, BPA DEHP $920 Int$). (GHG) emissions equivalent 1.96 dioxide (CO2e) annually. Using US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) cost metric, we annual GHG be $341 Int$).These costs, large they are, certainly underestimate full losses resulting negative All costs-and costs-are externalized petrochemical manufacturing industry borne citizens, taxpayers, governments countries around world without compensation.The adverse economy evenly distributed. disproportionately affect disempowered, marginalized workers, racial ethnic communities, Indigenous groups, women, children, whom had little do creating crisis lack political influence or resources address it. Plastics' harmful keenly felt South, small island states, disenfranchised areas North. Social justice (SEJ) principles require reversal inequitable burdens ensure no group bears disproportionate share those benefit economically bear fair currently costs.It clear sustainable societal injustices.The driver worsening exponential accelerating production. further magnified long persistence environment.The plastics-monomers, additives, processing agents, non-intentionally substances-include amongst number known disruptors, neurotoxicants, persistent organic pollutants. planetary leach out plastics, pollution, disease. efforts reduce must chemicals.To at-risk populations, put end 2040, supports urgent adoption nations strong comprehensive Treaty accord mandate set forth March 2022 resolution United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA).International measures needed curb because transcend national boundaries, scale, well-being people poorest nations. Effective implementation will international action coordinated complemented interventions national, regional, local levels.This urges cap targets, timetables, contributions central provision Treaty. recommend inclusion following provisions:The needs extend beyond microplastics litter plastics.The banning severely restricting unnecessary, avoidable, problematic items, items manufactured microbeads.The requirements extended producer responsibility (EPR) make producers, manufacturers products legally financially safety end-of-life management materials sell.The reductions complexity products; health-protective standards additives; requirement non-toxic materials; disclosure components; traceability components. International cooperation essential implementing enforcing standards.The SEJ remedies fill gaps community knowledge advance both distributional procedural equity.This encourages calling exploration listing least pollutants (POPs) Stockholm Convention.This interface Basel London Conventions enhance slow exports least-developed countries.This recommends creation Permanent Science Policy Advisory Body guide Treaty's implementation. priorities would Member States other stakeholders evaluating solutions effective consumption, enhancing recycling, curbing generation waste. assess trade-offs among evaluate safer alternatives monitor transnational export coordinate robust oceanic-, land-, air-based monitoring programs.This investment research crisis. need determine cost-effective context particular proposed solutions. Oceanographic better measure concentrations µm understand distribution fate Biomedical elucidate MNPs.This finds boon stealth threat enormous benefits, linear pay attention design safe near absence recovery, reuse, grave damage, injustices. worsening.While there remain about uncertainties magnitude, available today demonstrates unequivocally severity intervention Manufacture continue. However, reckless ever-increasing unnecessary products, curbed.Global against failure act immense.

Язык: Английский

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Polystyrene micro- and nano-particle coexposure injures fetal thalamus by inducing ROS-mediated cell apoptosis

Environment International, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 166, С. 107362 - 107362

Опубликована: Июнь 18, 2022

The adverse effects of plastic on adult animal and human health have been receiving increasing attention. However, its potential toxicity to fetuses has not fully elucidated. Herein, biodistribution polystyrene (PS) particles was determined after the maternal mice were orally given PS micro- and/or nano-particles with without surface modifications during gestational days 1 17. results showed that microplastics (MPs) nanoparticles (NPs) mainly emerged in alimentary tract, brain, uterus, placenta mice, only latter infiltrated into fetal thalamus. NPs carboxyl-modified induced differentially expressed genes enriched oxidative phosphorylation GABAergic synapse. Maternal administration gestation led anxiety-like behavior progenies their γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reduction prefrontal cortex amygdala at Week 8. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, alleviated particles-induced injury brain rescued progenies. Additionally, caused excessive ROS apoptosis neuronal cell lines, which prevented by glutathione supplementation. These suggested produced a negative effect inducing suppressing GABA synthesis brain. findings contribute estimating risk for health.

Язык: Английский

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Microplastics: Detection in human samples, cell line studies, and health impacts

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 101, С. 104204 - 104204

Опубликована: Июнь 28, 2023

Microplastics (MPs) are in all environmental compartments, including atmosphere, terrestrial, and aquatic environments as well marine organisms, foods, drinking water, indoor outdoor environments. MPs can enter the human body through food chain contaminated environment. Ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact routes of their entry into body. Recent studies reporting detection within have raised concern among scientific community knowledge about exposure is still very limited impact on health not well-understood yet. In this review article, we briefly cover reports evidencing MP body, e.g., stool, placenta, lungs, liver, sputum, breast milk, blood. A concise synopsis sample preparation analysis such matrices also provided. This article presents a summary effect cell lines health.

Язык: Английский

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Microplastics induce neurotoxicity in aquatic animals at environmentally realistic concentrations: A meta-analysis

Environmental Pollution, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 318, С. 120939 - 120939

Опубликована: Дек. 26, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Polystyrene nanoplastics lead to ferroptosis in the lungs

Journal of Advanced Research, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 56, С. 31 - 41

Опубликована: Март 17, 2023

It has been shown that polystyrene nanoplastic (PS-NP) exposure induces toxicity in the lungs. This study aims to provide foundational evidence corroborate ferroptosis and abnormal HIF-1α activity are main factors contributing pulmonary dysfunction induced by PS-NP exposure. Fifty male female C57BL/6 mice were exposed distilled water or 100 nm 200 PS-NPs via intratracheal instillation for 7 consecutive days. Hematoxylin eosin (H&E) Masson trichrome staining performed observe histomorphological changes To clarify mechanisms of PS-NP-induced lung injury, we used μg/ml, μg/ml 400 treat human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B 24 h. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) cells was following The levels glutathione, malondialdehyde, ferrous iron (Fe2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS) measured. expression ferroptotic proteins detected tissues Western blotting. blotting, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence evaluate HIF-1α/HO-1 signaling pathway activity. H&E revealed substantial perivascular lymphocytic inflammation a bronchiolocentric pattern, demonstrated critical collagen deposits lungs after RNA-seq differentially expressed genes PS-NP-exposed enriched lipid metabolism ion binding processes. After exposure, Fe2+, ROS increased, but glutathione level decreased. altered significantly. These results verified led injury through ferroptosis. Finally, discovered played an important role regulating injury. caused activating pathway, eventually

Язык: Английский

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Low-dose of polystyrene microplastics induce cardiotoxicity in mice and human-originated cardiac organoids

Environment International, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 179, С. 108171 - 108171

Опубликована: Авг. 25, 2023

Microplastic particles (MP) are prevalent in both industrial production and the natural environment, posing a significant concern for human health. Daily diet, air inhalation, skin contact major routines of MP intake human. The main injury target systems MPs include digestive system, respiratory cardiovascular system. However, study on MPs' adverse effects heart is less than other organs. Previous vivo studies have demonstrated that can induce injuries, including abnormal rate, apoptosis cardiomyocytes, mitochondrial membrane potential change, fibrin overexpression. To address animal welfare concerns overcome inter-species variations, this employed pluripotent stem cell-derived vitro three-dimensional cardiac organoid (CO) model to investigate heart. distinct cavities COs allowed observation aggregation spatial distribution following polystyrene-MP (PS) exposure dynamic After various concentrations PS (0.025, 0.25 2.5 µg/mL, with lowest concentration equivalent internal levels), exhibited increased oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptosis, collagen accumulation. These findings were consistent observations, terms increases interventricular septal thickness. expression hypertrophic-related genes (MYH7B/ANP/BNP/COL1A1) changed noticeably cardiac-specific markers MYL2/MYL4/CX43 also markedly elevated. Our revealed could induced hypertrophy vitro, indicating may be an under-recognized risk factor

Язык: Английский

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Microplastics and Oxidative Stress—Current Problems and Prospects

Antioxidants, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(5), С. 579 - 579

Опубликована: Май 8, 2024

Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles between 0.1 and 5000 µm in size that have attracted considerable attention from the scientific community general public, as they threaten environment. contribute to various harmful effects, including lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, cell membrane breakages, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal defects, inflammation, apoptosis. They affect cells, tissues, organs, overall health, potentially contributing conditions like cancer cardiovascular disease. pose a significant danger due their widespread occurrence food. In recent years, information has emerged indicating MPs can cause oxidative stress (OS), known factor accelerating aging organisms. This comprehensive evaluation exposed notable variability reported connection OS. work aims provide critical review whether harmfulness constitute environmental contaminants may result OS through analysis research existing literature, well an assessment characteristics causing Additionally, article covers analytical methodology used this field. The conclusions point necessity for further into effects on

Язык: Английский

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The effect and a mechanistic evaluation of polystyrene nanoplastics on a mouse model of type 2 diabetes

Food and Chemical Toxicology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 173, С. 113642 - 113642

Опубликована: Фев. 2, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Micro(nano)plastics in human urine: A surprising contrast between Chongqing's urban and rural regions

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 917, С. 170455 - 170455

Опубликована: Янв. 28, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Neurotoxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on memory and microglial activation: Insights from in vivo and in vitro studies

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 924, С. 171681 - 171681

Опубликована: Март 13, 2024

Nanoplastics, arising from the fragmentation of plastics into environmental pollutants and specialized commercial applications, such as cosmetics, have elicited concerns due to their potential toxicity. Evidence suggests that oral ingestion nanoplastics smaller than 100 nm may penetrate brain induce neurotoxicity. However, comprehensive research in this area has been hampered by technical challenges associated with detection synthesis nanoplastics. This study aimed bridge gap successfully synthesizing fluorescent polystyrene (PSNPs, 30–50 nm) through incorporation IR-813 validating them using various analytical techniques. We administered PSNPs orally (10 20 mg/kg/day) mice observed they reached tissues induced cognitive dysfunction, measured spatial fear memory tests, while locomotor social behaviors remained unaffected. In vitro studies (200 μg/mL) demonstrated a predominant uptake microglia over astrocytes or neurons, leading microglial activation, evidenced immunostaining cellular markers morphological analysis. Transcriptomic analysis indicated altered gene expression microglia, highlighting neuroinflammatory responses contribute deficits. To further explore neurotoxic effects mediated we endogenous neuronal activity multi-electrode array cultured hippocampal neurons. The application conditioned media exposed suppressed activity, which was reversed inhibitors activation. Our findings offer detailed insights mechanisms damage brain, particularly emphasizing risk factors impairment neurodegenerative diseases.

Язык: Английский

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