Breaking down shell strength: inferences from experimental compression and future directions enabled by 3D printing

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 96(4), С. 1077 - 1091

Опубликована: Фев. 12, 2021

ABSTRACT Mollusc and brachiopod shells have served as biological armour for hundreds of millions years. Studying shell strength in compression experiments can provide insights into macroevolution, predator–prey dynamics, anthropogenic impacts on aquatic ecosystems. These studies been conducted across fields including palaeontology, ecology, conservation biology engineering using a range techniques variety purposes. Using this approach, demonstrated that predators cause changes prey morphology the laboratory over both short timescales longer evolutionary timescales. Similarly, environmental factors such nutrient concentration ocean acidification shown to influence strength. Experimental tests used study functional shell‐crushing test how taphonomic state (e.g. presence drill holes, degree degradation) may their likelihood being preserved fossil record. This review covers basic principles experimental design infer Although many investigations methodology, few detailed explanation meaningfully interpret data generated those unfamiliar with method. Furthermore, provides compilation findings employed these methods address specific themes: taphonomy, morphology, predation, variables, climate change. Many authors tests, however, disparities among methodologies design, taxa, specimen preservation, etc.) limit applicability from taxon‐specific broader eco‐evolutionary questions. The highlights confounding factors, thickness, size, damage, microstructure, state, they be mitigated three‐dimensional (3D)‐printed model shells. 3D prints valuable proxies understanding aspects cannot otherwise experimentally isolated. printed models allows simplification complex systems idealized studies. Such isolate establish fundamental relationships between form function. Establishing standardized testing way will not only permit comparison but also enable investigators systematically add complexity models.

Язык: Английский

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Role of temperature and carbonate system variability on a host-parasite system: Implications for the gigantism hypothesis

International Journal for Parasitology Parasites and Wildlife, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 9, С. 7 - 15

Опубликована: Март 23, 2019

Biological interactions and environmental constraints alter life-history traits, modifying organismal performances. Trematode parasites often impact their hosts by inducing parasitic castration, frequently correlated with increased body size in the host (i.e., gigantism hypothesis), which is postulated to reflect re-allocation of energy released reduction reproductive process. In this study, we compared effect a trematode species on shell morphology adult individuals intertidal mussels Perumytilus purpuratus (>20 mm) collected from two local populations contrasting regimes experienced central-southern Chile. Our field data indicates that both study locations, parasitized evidenced higher sizes (shell length, total weight volume) as non-parasitized. addition, southern location thinner shells than non-parasitized ones those central Chile, suggesting geographical variation carbonate precipitation across habitats Chilean coast. laboratory conditions, population Chile were exposed temperature treatments (12 18 °C). Parasitized showed growth rates non-parasitized, regardless seawater treatments. However, metabolic rate was not influenced parasite condition or results support parasite-induced hypothesis, suggest thermal environment geographic explain only portion size, while most plausible factor modulating outcome host-parasite interaction.

Язык: Английский

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Mechanical fatigue fractures bivalve shells

Journal of Experimental Biology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 223(10)

Опубликована: Май 15, 2020

ABSTRACT Mollusk shells protect against diverse environmental and predatory physical threats, from one-time impacts to chronic, low-magnitude stresses. The effectiveness of as armor is often quantified with a test shell strength: increasing force applied until catastrophic fracture. This does not capture the potential role fatigue, process by which chronic or repeated, forces weaken break structure. We strength fatigue resistance California mussel (Mytilus californianus) shells. Shells were tested failure either loading valve repeatedly set (cyclic) under constant (static). Valves fatigued both cyclic static loading, i.e. subcritical broke valves when for long durations. Stronger more fatigue-resistant tended be massive, relatively wider right-hand valve. Furthermore, after accounting valves' predicted strength, curves did differ, suggesting that fracture mussels dependent on duration than number cycles. Contextualizing typically experience clarifies range threats becomes relevant. Some predators could rely episodic events like large wave failed predation attempts across time scales. Quantifying considering ecology shelled organisms evolution form offers perspective accounts accumulating damage lifetime small.

Язык: Английский

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Temperature elevation and acidification damage microstructure of abalone via expression change of crystal induction genes

Marine Environmental Research, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 162, С. 105114 - 105114

Опубликована: Авг. 28, 2020

Язык: Английский

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Taxonomic, seasonal and spatial variation in the amino acid profile of freshwater macroinvertebrates

Aquatic Sciences, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 83(2)

Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2021

Язык: Английский

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