bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Июнь 26, 2022
Abstract
Ability
to
survive
freezing
of
extracellular
body
fluids
evolved
in
several
species
vertebrate
ectotherms,
many
plants,
and
occurs
relatively
often
freeze-tolerant
insects.
Most
the
multicellular
organisms,
however,
are
freeze-sensitive.
Here
we
test
coupled
hypotheses
postulating
that:
(i)
irreversible
denaturation
proteins
loss
integrity
biological
membranes
two
ultimate
molecular
mechanisms
injury
freeze-sensitive
insects;
(ii)
seasonally
accumulated
small
cryoprotective
molecules
(CPs)
protect
against
We
show
that
seven
different
enzymes
exhibit
no
or
only
partial
activity
upon
lethal
stress
applied
vivo
whole
larva
drosophilid
fly,
Chymomyza
costata
.
In
contrast,
lost
when
extracted
frozen
vitro
a
diluted
buffer
solution.
This
was
fully
prevented
by
adding
low
concentrations
wide
array
compounds
including
C.
native
CPs,
other
metabolites,
bovine
serum
albumin
(BSA),
even
biologically
inert
artificial
Histodenz
Ficoll.
Next,
plasma
fat
cells
lose
but
not
larvae.
Freezing
,
resulted
membrane
both
Different
additives
showed
widely
capacities
(from
none
high)
added
medium.
A
complete
rescue
observed
for
mixture
proline,
trehalose
BSA.
Significance
statement
suggest
insect
soluble
primary
targets
injury.
They
inactivated
insects
exposed
as
they
sufficiently
protected
from
complex
composition
solutions.
Next
cell
likely
The
stress,
while
their
is
molecules,
also
proteins,
Metabolites,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
12(2), С. 163 - 163
Опубликована: Фев. 9, 2022
Many
cold-acclimated
insects
accumulate
high
concentrations
of
low
molecular
weight
cryoprotectants
(CPs)
in
order
to
tolerate
subzero
temperatures
or
internal
freezing.
The
sources
from
which
carbon
skeletons
for
CP
biosynthesis
are
driven,
and
the
metabolic
reprogramming
linked
cold
acclimation,
not
sufficiently
understood.
Here
we
aim
resolve
metabolism
putative
CPs
by
mapping
relative
changes
concentration
56
metabolites
expression
95
relevant
genes
as
larvae
drosophilid
fly,
Chymomyza
costata
transition
a
freeze
sensitive
tolerant
phenotype
during
gradual
acclimation.
We
found
that
C.
may
directly
assimilate
amino
acids
proline
glutamate
diet
acquire
at
least
half
their
large
stocks
(up
55
µg
per
average
2
mg
larva).
Metabolic
conversion
glutamine
reserves
build
up
early
diapause
explain
second
accumulation,
while
ornithine
degradation
larval
collagens
other
proteins
might
be
two
additional
minor
sources.
Next,
confirm
glycogen
represent
major
source
glucose
units
trehalose
synthesis
accumulation
27
larva),
serve
an
source.
Finally,
suggest
interconversions
phospholipids
release
accumulated
glycero-phosphocholine
(GPC)
-ethanolamine
(GPE).
Choline
is
methylamines:
glycine-betaine
sarcosine.
sum
methylamines
together
with
GPE
GPC
represents
approximately
larva.
In
conclusion,
food
ingestion
important
direct
assimilation
of,
and/or
conversions
to,
diapausing
insect.
So
far,
cold-acclimation-
was
considered
sourced
mainly
macromolecular
reserves.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
119(41)
Опубликована: Окт. 3, 2022
Most
multicellular
organisms
are
freeze
sensitive,
but
the
ability
to
survive
freezing
of
extracellular
fluids
evolved
in
several
vertebrate
ectotherms,
some
plants,
and
many
insects.
Here,
we
test
coupled
hypotheses
that
perpetuated
literature:
irreversible
denaturation
proteins
loss
biological
membrane
integrity
two
ultimate
molecular
mechanisms
injury
freeze-sensitive
insects
seasonally
accumulated
small
cryoprotective
molecules
(CPs)
stabilize
membranes
against
freeze-tolerant
Using
drosophilid
fly,
Chymomyza
costata,
show
seven
different
soluble
enzymes
exhibit
no
or
only
partial
activity
upon
lethal
stress
applied
vivo
whole
larvae.
In
contrast,
lost
when
extracted
frozen
vitro
a
diluted
buffer
solution.
This
was
fully
prevented
by
adding
low
concentrations
wide
array
compounds
buffer,
including
C.
costata
native
CPs,
other
metabolites,
bovine
serum
albumin
(BSA),
even
biologically
inert
artificial
HistoDenz
Ficoll.
Next,
fat
body
plasma
lose
not
Freezing
cells
vitro,
however,
resulted
both
Different
additives
showed
widely
capacities
protect
added
media.
A
complete
rescue
larvae
observed
with
mixture
proline,
trehalose,
BSA.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
289(1976)
Опубликована: Июнь 8, 2022
The
accumulation
of
trehalose
has
been
suggested
as
a
mechanism
underlying
insect
cross-tolerance
to
cold/freezing
and
drought.
Here
we
show
that
exposing
diapausing
larvae
the
drosophilid
fly,
Chymomyza
costata
dry
conditions
significantly
stimulates
their
freeze
tolerance.
It
does
not,
however,
improve
tolerance
desiccation,
nor
it
affect
concentrations.
Next,
use
metabolomics
compare
complex
alterations
intermediary
metabolism
pathways
in
response
three
environmental
factors
with
different
ecological
meanings:
drought
(an
stressor
causing
mortality),
decreasing
ambient
temperatures
acclimation
stimulus
for
improvement
cold
hardiness),
short
days
signal
inducing
diapause).
We
all
trigger
qualitatively
similar
metabolic
rearrangement
phenotypic
outcome—improved
larval
similarities
include
(but
are
not
restricted
to)
typical
compatible
solutes
energy-rich
molecules
(phosphagens).
Based
on
these
results,
suggest
transition
suppression
(a
state
which
chemical
energy
demand
is
relatively
low
but
need
stabilization
macromolecules
high)
represents
common
axis
pathway
reorganization
towards
non-toxic
cytoprotective
compounds,
turn
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
14
Опубликована: Дек. 6, 2023
Cellular
encapsulation
associated
with
melanization
is
a
crucial
component
of
the
immune
response
in
insects,
particularly
against
larger
pathogens.
The
infection
Drosophila
larva
by
parasitoid
wasps,
like
Leptopilina
boulardi
,
most
extensively
studied
example.
In
this
case,
and
embryo
linked
to
activation
plasmatocytes
that
attach
surface
parasitoid.
Additionally,
differentiation
lamellocytes
encapsulate
parasitoid,
along
crystal
cells,
accountable
for
process.
Encapsulation
lead
production
toxic
molecules
are
concentrated
capsule
around
and,
at
same
time,
protect
host
from
response.
Thus,
cellular
represent
primarily
metabolic
process
involving
metabolism
cell
differentiation,
radicals,
but
also
melanin
antioxidants.
As
such,
it
has
significant
implications
physiology
systemic
metabolism.
Proper
regulation
within
as
well
level
entire
organism,
therefore
essential
an
efficient
impacts
health
overall
fitness
organism
survives.
purpose
“perspective”
article
map
what
we
know
about
type
response,
place
context
possible
physiology,
highlight
open
questions
related
important
insect
Frontiers in Physiology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
15
Опубликована: Фев. 7, 2024
Background:
Many
insect
species
have
evolved
the
ability
to
survive
extracellular
freezing.
The
search
for
underlying
principles
of
their
natural
freeze
tolerance
remains
hampered
by
our
poor
understanding
mechanistic
nature
freezing
damage
itself.
Objectives:
Here,
in
potential
primary
cellular
targets
damage,
we
compared
mitochondrial
responses
(changes
morphology
and
physical
integrity,
respiratory
chain
protein
functionality,
inner
membrane
(IMM)
permeability)
freeze-sensitive
vs.
freeze-tolerant
phenotypes
larvae
drosophilid
fly,
Chymomyza
costata.
Methods:
Larvae
were
exposed
stress
at
-30°C
1
h,
which
is
invariably
lethal
phenotype
but
readily
survived
phenotype.
Immediately
after
melting,
metabolic
activity
muscle
cells
was
assessed
Alamar
Blue
assay,
mitochondria
examined
transmission
electron
microscopy,
functionality
oxidative
phosphorylation
system
measured
Oxygraph-2K
microrespirometry.
Results:
remained
morphologically
functionally
intact
stress.
In
contrast,
most
swollen,
matrix
diluted
enlarged
volume,
structure
IMM
cristae
lost.
Despite
this
morphological
transfer
proteins
partially
functional
lethally
frozen
larvae,
still
exhibiting
strong
specific
substrates
transferring
electrons
oxygen.
However,
coupling
ATP
synthesis
severely
impaired.
Based
on
these
results,
formulated
a
hypothesis
linking
observed
swelling
sudden
loss
barrier
function
IMM.
