Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells of the Human Retina

Frontiers in Neurology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 12

Опубликована: Март 25, 2021

Light profoundly affects our mental and physical health. In particular, light, when not delivered at the appropriate time, may have detrimental effects. mammals, light is perceived only by rods cones but also a subset of retinal ganglion cells that express photopigment melanopsin renders them intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs). ipRGCs participate in contrast detection play critical roles non-image-forming vision, set responses include circadian entrainment, pupillary reflex (PLR), modulation sleep/alertness, mood. are found human retina, their response to has been characterized indirectly through suppression nocturnal melatonin PLR. However, until recently, had rarely investigated directly. This gap progressively being filled as, over last years, an increasing number studies provided descriptions morphology, gene expression. Here, I review progress knowledge ipRGCs, different morphological functional subtypes described so far how they match murine subtypes. highlight questions remain be addressed. Investigating as these few major role well-being. Additionally, display increased vulnerability or resilience certain disorders compared conventional RGCs, deeper function could help identify therapeutic approaches develop diagnostic tools. Overall, better understanding eye will deliver precise usage recommendations implement light-based interventions improve cognitive performance, mood, life quality.

Язык: Английский

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Spatial distribution and functional integration of displaced retinal ganglion cells

Scientific Reports, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 28, 2025

Abstract The retina contains distinct types of ganglion cells, which form mosaics with cells each type at position the visual field. Displaced retinal (dRGCs) occur cell bodies in inner nuclear layer (INL), and regularly placed RGCs layer. An example mammalian dRGCs are M1-type intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs). Little is known, however, about their relationship ipRGCs. We identified mouse ipRGC M1, M2, M4/sONɑ by immunohistochemistry light microscopy. Reconstruction immunolabeled from M1 sONɑ indicated that tiled regular RGC partners. Multi-electrode array recordings revealed conventional receptive fields displaced fit into mosaic counterparts. distribution analysis showed type-specific dRGC patterns followed neither global density all nor local densities corresponding types. displacement INL occurs a type-dependent manner, where positioned to complete Our data suggest serve same functional role within population RGCs.

Язык: Английский

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Two-Photon Imaging of Nonlinear Glutamate Release Dynamics at Bipolar Cell Synapses in the Mouse Retina

Journal of Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 33(27), С. 10972 - 10985

Опубликована: Июль 3, 2013

Alpha/Y-type retinal ganglion cells encode visual information with a receptive field composed of nonlinear subunits. This subunit structure enhances sensitivity to patterns high spatial frequencies. The Y-cell's subunits are the presynaptic bipolar cells, but mechanism for nonlinearity remains incompletely understood. We investigated synaptic basis by combining whole-cell recording mouse Y-type two-photon fluorescence imaging glutamate sensor (iGluSnFR) expressed on their dendrites and throughout inner plexiform layer. A control experiment designed assess iGluSnFR's dynamic range showed that responses from Y-cell increased proportionally simultaneously recorded excitatory current. Spatial resolution was sufficient readily resolve independent release at intermingled ON OFF terminals. iGluSnFR strong surround inhibition, reflecting properties sites. Responses located origin cell output, after stage integration. underlying differed between pathways: synapses transient rectification, whereas relatively sustained weak rectification. At synapses, combination fast onset slower offset explained response postsynaptic cell. Imaging layer, we found transient, rectified central-most levels, increasingly near borders. By visualizing in real time, provides powerful tool characterizing intact neural circuits.

Язык: Английский

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Genetic Dissection of Retinal Inputs to Brainstem Nuclei Controlling Image Stabilization

Journal of Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 33(45), С. 17797 - 17813

Опубликована: Ноя. 6, 2013

When the head rotates, image of visual world slips across retina. A dedicated set retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and brainstem nuclei termed “accessory optic system” (AOS) generate slip-compensating eye movements that stabilize images on retina improve performance. Which types RGCs project to each various AOS remain unresolved. Here we report a new transgenic mouse line, Hoxd10–GFP, in which projecting all are fluorescently labeled. Electrophysiological recordings Hoxd10–GFP revealed they include three subtypes On direction-selective (On–DSGCs), responding upward, downward, or forward motion. also one subtype On–Off DSGCs tuned for Retrograde circuit mapping with modified rabies viruses On–DSGCs centers involved both horizontal vertical slip compensation. In contrast, labeled mice projected controlling but not stabilization. Moreover, appear physiologically molecularly distinct from previously genetically identified DSGCs. These data begin clarify cell circuits underlying stabilization during self-motion, support an unexpected diversity DSGC subtypes.

Язык: Английский

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Ambient Illumination Toggles a Neuronal Circuit Switch in the Retina and Visual Perception at Cone Threshold

Neuron, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 78(2), С. 325 - 338

Опубликована: Март 28, 2013

Язык: Английский

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Photoresponse diversity among the five types of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

The Journal of Physiology, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 592(7), С. 1619 - 1636

Опубликована: Янв. 7, 2014

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) mediate non-image-forming visual responses, including pupillary constriction, circadian photoentrainment and suppression of pineal melatonin secretion. Five morphological types ipRGCs, M1-M5, have been identified in mice. In order to understand their functions better, we studied the photoresponses all five cell types, by whole-cell recording from fluorescently labelled ipRGCs visualized using multiphoton microscopy. All ipRGC generated melanopsin-based ('intrinsic') as well synaptically driven ('extrinsic') light responses. The intrinsic M1 were lower threshold, higher amplitude faster than those M2-M5. peak amplitudes extrinsic responses differed among types; however, had comparable thresholds, kinetics waveforms, received rod input. While exhibited inhibitory amacrine-cell excitatory bipolar-cell inputs 'on' channel, M3 additional 'off'-channel inhibition, possibly through 'off'-sublamina dendrites. M2-M5 centre-surround-organized receptive fields, implicating a capacity detect spatial contrast. contrast, fields lacked surround antagonism, which might be caused input nullifying responded robustly wide range motion speeds, M1-M4 appeared tuned different suggesting that they analyse speed motion. Retrograde labelling revealed project superior colliculus, contrast information signalled these could used this sensorimotor area novel objects field.

Язык: Английский

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The Post-Illumination Pupil Response (PIPR)

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 56(6), С. 3838 - 3838

Опубликована: Июнь 11, 2015

Purpose.: The post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) has been quantified using four metrics, but the spectral sensitivity of only one is known; here we determine other three. To optimize human PIPR measurement, protocol producing largest PIPR, duration and metric(s) with lowest coefficient variation. Methods.: consensual light reflex (PLR) was measured a Maxwellian view pupillometer. Experiment 1: Spectral metrics (plateau, 6 seconds, area under curve early late recovery) determined from criterion to 1-second pulse fitted vitamin A1 nomogram (λmax = 482 nm). 2: PLR as function three stimulus durations (1 second, 10 30 seconds), five irradiances spanning low high melanopsin excitation levels (retinal irradiance: 9.8–14.8 log quanta.cm−2.s−1), two wavelengths, (465 nm) (637 excitation. Intra- interindividual coefficients variation (CV) were calculated. Results.: (opn4) photopigment adequately describes all metrics. amplitude short-wavelength pulses (≥12.8 quanta.cm−2.s−1). plateau 6-second showed least intra- CV (≤0.2). maximum sustained 83.0 ± 48.0 seconds (mean SD) for 180.1 106.2 30-second nm; 14.8 Conclusions.: All current provide direct measure intrinsic photoresponse. progressive changes in disease, recommend that be short-duration (e.g., ≤1 second) analyzed and/or Our data baseline selection interstimulus intervals between consecutive testing sequences.

Язык: Английский

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Melanopsin expressing human retinal ganglion cells: Subtypes, distribution, and intraretinal connectivity

The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 525(8), С. 1934 - 1961

Опубликована: Фев. 4, 2017

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) expressing the photopigment melanopsin belong to a heterogenic population of RGCs which regulate circadian clock, masking behavior, melatonin suppression, pupillary light reflex, and sleep/wake cycles. The different functions seem be associated subtypes cells. In rodents, subtype classification has function. primate human retina such so far, not been applied. present study using antibodies against N- C-terminal parts melanopsin, confocal microscopy 3D reconstruction immunoreactive (-ir) RGCs, we applied criteria used in mouse on melanopsin-ir RGCs. We identified M1, displaced M2, M4 found two other were named "gigantic M1 (GM1)" (GDM1)." Few M3 no M5 labeled. Total cell counts from one male female revealed that contains 7283 ± 237 (0.63-0.75% total number RGCs). unevenly distributed. Most significant was highest density nasal retina. input AII amacrine directly rod bipolar via ribbon synapses innermost ON layer inner plexiform (IPL) dopaminergic GABAergic processes outermost OFF IPL. characterizes most likely are involved functions.

Язык: Английский

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Contributions of Retinal Ganglion Cells to Subcortical Visual Processing and Behaviors

Annual Review of Vision Science, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 1(1), С. 291 - 328

Опубликована: Ноя. 18, 2015

Every aspect of visual perception and behavior is built from the neural activity retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), output neurons eye. Here, we review progress toward understanding many types RGCs that communicate signals to brain, along with subcortical brain regions use those build respond representations outside world. We emphasize recent in mouse genetics, viral circuit tracing, behavioral psychophysics define map various their associated networks. also address questions about homology RGC mice other species including nonhuman primates humans. Finally, propose a framework for typology highlighting relationship between type-specific circuitry processing stations support give rise sight.

Язык: Английский

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The M6 cell: A small‐field bistratified photosensitive retinal ganglion cell

The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 527(1), С. 297 - 311

Опубликована: Окт. 12, 2018

Abstract We have identified a novel, sixth type of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) in the mouse—the M6 cell. Its spiny, highly branched dendritic arbor is bistratified, with dendrites restricted to inner and outer margins plexiform layer, co‐stratifying processes other ipRGC types. show that cells are by far most abundant labeled adult pigmented Cdh3‐GFP BAC transgenic mice. A few M5 ipRGCs also labeled, but no RGC types were encountered. Several distinct subnuclei geniculate complex pretectum contain retinofugal axons mouse. These presumably principle central targets (as well as cells). Projections from dorsal lateral nucleus confirmed retrograde tracing, suggesting they contribute pattern vision. low levels melanopsin expression relatively weak melanopsin‐dependent light responses. They exhibit strong synaptically driven Their fields smallest abundantly all ipRGCs. small receptive antagonistic surrounds. Despite deploying partly OFF sublamina, appear be exclusively ON pathway, their arbor, like those certain ipRGCs, may receive ectopic input passing bipolar sublayer.

Язык: Английский

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