Progress in Retinal and Eye Research,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
99, С. 101245 - 101245
Опубликована: Янв. 21, 2024
Blood-retinal
barrier
(BRB)
disruption
is
a
common
accompaniment
of
intermediate,
posterior
and
panuveitis
causing
leakage
into
the
retina
macular
oedema
resulting
in
vision
loss.
It
much
less
anterior
uveitis
or
patients
with
intraocular
lymphoma
who
may
have
marked
signs
inflammation.
New
drugs
used
for
chemotherapy
(cytarabine,
immune
checkpoint
inhibitors,
BRAF
EGFR
bispecific
anti-EGFR
MET
receptor
inhibitors
Bruton
tyrosine
kinase
inhibitors)
can
also
cause
different
types
BRB
disruption.
As
malignant
disease
itself
uveitis,
particularly
from
breast,
lung
gastrointestinal
tract
cancers,
it
be
clinically
difficult
to
sort
out
Immunosuppression
due
and/or
lead
infection
which
infection.
In
this
paper
we
address
pathophysiology
related
inflammation
malignancy,
methods
estimating
extent
effect
examine
why
some
malignancy
others
do
not.
Understanding
help
manage
these
patients,
as
well
devise
future
therapeutic
approaches.
Cells,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
13(2), С. 150 - 150
Опубликована: Янв. 12, 2024
The
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB)
is
a
fundamental
structure
that
protects
the
composition
of
brain
by
determining
which
ions,
metabolites,
and
nutrients
are
allowed
to
enter
from
blood
or
leave
it
towards
circulation.
BBB
structurally
composed
layer
capillary
endothelial
cells
(BCECs)
bound
each
other
through
tight
junctions
(TJs).
However,
its
development
as
well
maintenance
properties
controlled
contact
BCECs:
pericytes,
glial
cells,
even
neurons
themselves.
Astrocytes
seem,
in
particular,
have
very
important
role
controlling
most
BBB.
Here,
we
will
focus
on
these
latter
since
comprehension
their
roles
physiology
has
been
continuously
expanding,
including
ability
participate
neurotransmission
complex
functions
such
learning
memory.
Accordingly,
pathological
conditions
alter
astrocytic
can
BBB's
integrity,
thus
compromising
many
activities.
In
this
review,
also
refer
different
kinds
vitro
models
used
study
properties,
evidencing
modifications
under
conditions.
Journal of Clinical Medicine,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
14(2), С. 386 - 386
Опубликована: Янв. 9, 2025
The
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB)
is
a
crucial
structure
that
maintains
brain
homeostasis
by
regulating
the
entry
of
molecules
and
cells
from
bloodstream
into
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
Neurodegenerative
diseases
such
as
Alzheimer's
Parkinson's
disease,
well
ischemic
stroke,
compromise
integrity
BBB.
This
leads
to
increased
permeability
infiltration
harmful
substances,
thereby
accelerating
neurodegeneration.
In
this
review,
we
explore
mechanisms
underlying
BBB
disruption,
including
oxidative
stress,
neuroinflammation,
vascular
dysfunction,
loss
tight
junction
integrity,
in
patients
with
neurodegenerative
diseases.
We
discuss
how
breakdown
contributes
neurotoxicity,
abnormal
accumulation
pathological
proteins,
all
which
exacerbate
neuronal
damage
facilitate
disease
progression.
Furthermore,
potential
therapeutic
strategies
aimed
at
preserving
or
restoring
function,
anti-inflammatory
treatments,
antioxidant
therapies,
approaches
enhance
integrity.
Given
role
neurodegeneration,
maintaining
its
represents
promising
approach
slow
prevent
progression
Cells,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
11(5), С. 813 - 813
Опубликована: Фев. 25, 2022
The
neurovascular
unit
(NVU)
is
a
conceptual
framework
that
has
been
proposed
to
better
explain
the
relationships
between
neural
cells
and
blood
vessels
in
human
brain,
focused
mainly
on
brain
gray
matter.
major
components
of
NVU
are
neurons,
astrocytes
(astroglia),
microvessels,
pericytes,
microglia.
In
addition,
we
believe
oligodendrocytes
should
also
be
included
as
an
indispensable
component
white
Of
all
these
components,
particular
have
attracted
interest
researchers
because
their
unique
anatomical
location;
interposed
neurons
microvessels
brain.
Their
location
suggests
might
regulate
cerebral
flow
(CBF)
response
neuronal
activity,
so
ensure
adequate
supply
glucose
oxygen
meet
metabolic
demands
neurons.
fact,
adult
which
accounts
for
only
2%
entire
body
weight,
consumes
approximately
20–25%
total
amount
consumed
by
whole
body.
needs
continuous
essential
energy
sources
through
CBF,
there
practically
no
stores
or
brain;
both
acute
chronic
cessation
CBF
can
adversely
affect
functions.
another
important
putative
function
elimination
heat
waste
materials
produced
activity.
Recent
evidence
play
pivotal
roles
not
supplying
glucose,
but
fatty
acids
amino
Loss
astrocytic
support
expected
lead
malfunction
whole,
underlies
numerous
neurological
disorders.
this
review,
shall
focus
historical
recent
findings
with
regard
contributions
NVU.
ASN NEURO,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
14, С. 175909142211045 - 175909142211045
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2022
Microglia
are
the
resident
tissue
macrophages
of
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
Recent
findings
point
out
that
in
steady
state
major
role
microglia,
is
to
instruct
and
regulate
correct
function
neuronal
networks
different
components
neurovascular
unit
adult
CNS,
while
providing
immune
surveillance.
Paradoxically,
during
CNS
infection
activation
microglia
generates
an
inflammatory
milieu
contributes
clearance
pathogen
but
can,
process,
harm
nearby
cells
CNS.
Most
knowledge
about
harmful
effects
activated
on
has
arisen
from
studies
neurodegenerative
diseases.
In
this
review
we
will
focus
beneficial
detrimental
functions
microglial
neighboring
upon
infection.
Molecular Neurodegeneration,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
18(1)
Опубликована: Сен. 21, 2023
Retinal
ganglion
cell
(RGC)
death
in
glaucoma
and
other
optic
neuropathies
results
irreversible
vision
loss
due
to
the
mammalian
central
nervous
system's
limited
regenerative
capacity.
RGC
repopulation
is
a
promising
therapeutic
approach
reverse
from
if
newly
introduced
neurons
can
reestablish
functional
retinal
thalamic
circuits.
In
theory,
RGCs
might
be
repopulated
through
transplantation
of
stem
cell-derived
or
via
induction
endogenous
transdifferentiation.
The
Repopulation,
Stem
Cell
Transplantation,
Optic
Nerve
Regeneration
(RReSTORe)
Consortium
was
established
address
challenges
associated
with
repair
visual
pathway
neuropathy.
2022,
RReSTORe
initiated
ongoing
international
collaborative
discussions
advance
field
has
identified
five
critical
areas
focus:
(1)
development
differentiation,
(2)
Transplantation
methods
models,
(3)
survival,
maturation,
host
interactions,
(4)
Inner
wiring,
(5)
Eye-to-brain
connectivity.
Here,
we
discuss
most
pertinent
questions
that
exist
on
path
clinical
translation
suggest
experimental
directions
propel
this
work
going
forward.
Using
these
subtopic
discussion
groups
(SDGs)
as
framework,
multidisciplinary
approaches
restore
diseased
by
leveraging
groundbreaking
insights
developmental
neuroscience,
biology,
molecular
optical
imaging,
animal
models
neuropathy,
immunology
&
immunotolerance,
neuropathology
neuroprotection,
materials
science
biomedical
engineering,
neuroscience.
While
significant
hurdles
remain,
Consortium's
efforts
provide
comprehensive
roadmap
for
advancing
hold
potential
transformative
progress
restoring
patients
suffering
neuropathies.
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
17
Опубликована: Март 27, 2023
2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine
(TMP)
as
an
active
ingredient
extracted
from
a
traditional
Chinese
herbal
medicine
Ligusticum
chuanxiong
Hort
.
has
been
proved
to
penetrate
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB)
and
show
neuroprotective
effects
on
cerebral
ischemia.
However,
whether
TMP
could
regulate
astrocytic
reactivity
facilitate
neurovascular
restoration
in
the
subacute
ischemic
stroke
needs
be
urgently
verified.
In
this
research,
permanent
occlusion
of
middle
artery
(MCAO)
model
was
conducted
(10,
20,
40
mg/kg)
intraperitoneally
administrated
rats
once
daily
for
2
weeks.
Neurological
function
evaluated
by
motor
deficit
score
(MDS).
Magnetic
resonance
imaging
(MRI)
implemented
analyze
tissue
injury
blood
flow
(CBF).
angiography
(MRA)
applied
exhibit
vascular
signals.
Transmission
electron
microscopy
(TEM)
performed
detect
unit
(NVU)
ultrastructure.
Haematoxylin
eosin
(HE)
staining
utilized
evaluate
histopathological
lesions.
The
neurogenesis,
angiogenesis,
A1/A2
reactivity,
aquaporin
4
(AQP4)
connexin
43
(Cx43)
astrocytes
were
observed
with
immunofluorescent
staining.
Then
FGF2/PI3K/AKT
signals
measured
western
blot.
Findings
revealed
ameliorated
neurological
functional
recovery,
preserved
NVU
integrity,
enhanced
endogenous
neurogenesis
angiogenesis
Shifting
A1
A2
suppressing
excessive
AQP4
Cx43
expression
astrocytes,
activating
pathway
might
potential
mechanisms
promoting
after
stroke.
Progress in Retinal and Eye Research,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
97, С. 101217 - 101217
Опубликована: Сен. 30, 2023
Retinal
ganglion
cells,
the
neurons
that
die
in
glaucoma,
are
endowed
with
a
high
metabolism
requiring
optimal
provision
of
oxygen
and
nutrients
to
sustain
their
activity.
The
timely
regulation
blood
flow
is,
therefore,
essential
supply
firing
active
areas
glucose
they
need
for
energy.
Many
glaucoma
patients
suffer
from
vascular
deficits
including
reduced
flow,
impaired
autoregulation,
neurovascular
coupling
dysfunction,
blood-retina/brain-barrier
breakdown.
These
processes
tightly
regulated
by
community
cells
known
as
unit
comprising
neurons,
endothelial
pericytes,
Müller
astrocytes,
microglia.
In
this
review,
takes
center
stage
we
examine
ability
its
members
regulate
interactions
how
function
might
be
altered
during
glaucomatous
stress.
Pericytes
receive
special
attention
based
on
recent
data
demonstrating
key
role
physiological
pathological
conditions.
Of
particular
interest
is
discovery
characterization
tunneling
nanotubes,
thin
actin-based
conduits
connect
distal
which
play
roles
complex
spatial
temporal
distribution
within
retinal
capillary
network.
We
discuss
cellular
molecular
mechanisms
pathophysiological
implications,
while
highlighting
opportunities
develop
strategies
protection
regeneration
improve
functional
outcomes
glaucoma.
Cells,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
12(20), С. 2443 - 2443
Опубликована: Окт. 12, 2023
Proper
functioning
of
the
neural
retina
relies
on
unique
retinal
environment
regulated
by
blood–retinal
barrier
(BRB),
which
restricts
passage
solutes,
fluids,
and
toxic
substances.
BRB
impairment
occurs
in
many
vascular
diseases
breakdown
significantly
contributes
to
disease
pathology.
Understanding
different
molecular
constituents
signaling
pathways
involved
development
maintenance
is
therefore
crucial
developing
treatment
modalities.
This
review
summarizes
major
inner
(iBRB)
formation
maintenance,
representative
animal
models
eye
with
leakage.
Studies
Wnt/β-catenin
are
highlighted,
critical
for
brain
angiogenesis
barriergenesis.
Moreover,
multiple
vivo
vitro
methods
detection
analysis
leakage
described,
along
their
advantages
limitations.
These
pre-clinical
assessing
iBRB
provide
valuable
experimental
tools
delineating
mechanisms
evaluating
therapeutic
drugs.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
64(10), С. 8 - 8
Опубликована: Июль 7, 2023
Diabetic
macular
edema
(DME)
is
a
common
complication
of
diabetic
retinopathy
and
the
leading
cause
vision
loss
in
patients.
Various
factors,
such
as
metabolic
disorders
inflammation
caused
by
hyperglycemia,
are
involved
occurrence
development
DME,
but
specific
mechanism
still
unclear.
Müller
cells
type
macroglial
cell
unique
to
fundus,
distributed
throughout
retina,
they
play
role
retinal
homeostasis.
This
article
reviews
pathological
process
DME
research
progress
treatment
targeting
through
gene
therapy.
