Journal of Clinical Medicine,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
10(23), С. 5696 - 5696
Опубликована: Дек. 3, 2021
The
neuropeptides
β-endorphin
and
oxytocin
are
released
into
the
bloodstream
as
hormones
from
pituitary
gland
but
also
have
an
important
function
neuroregulators
in
forebrain.
blood
levels
of
both
polypeptides
been
shown
to
reflect
depressive
symptoms.
β-Endorphin,
particular,
is
involved
abstinence
alcohol.
serum
were
measured
during
early
withdrawal
phase
patients
with
alcohol
use
disorder
(AUD)
(N
=
35)
or
without
45)
comorbidity
compared
those
healthy
volunteers
23).
In
addition
comparing
groups,
study
examined
whether
correlated
various
psychometric
measures
dependence,
depression
aggression,
well
clinical
characteristics
dependence.
Both
beta-endorphin
significantly
lower
than
controls
(p
0.011
for
p
0.005
oxytocin,
Kruskal-Wallis
test).
comorbidity,
significance
was
greatest
0.004
U-test).
There
no
correlation
parameters
>
0.05,
Spearman
test),
did
correlate
physical
aggression
0.026,
Serum
AUD,
particularly
comorbidity.
β-Endorphin
according
Buss-Durkee
(BDHI)
estimates.
Cell and Tissue Research,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
382(2), С. 233 - 266
Опубликована: Авг. 22, 2020
Hormones
regulate
development,
as
well
many
vital
processes
in
the
daily
life
of
an
animal.
Many
these
hormones
are
peptides
that
act
at
a
higher
hierarchical
level
animal
with
roles
organizers
globally
orchestrate
metabolism,
physiology
and
behavior.
Peptide
can
on
multiple
peripheral
targets
simultaneously
convey
basal
states,
such
metabolic
status
sleep-awake
or
arousal
across
central
neuronal
circuits.
Thereby,
they
coordinate
responses
to
changing
internal
external
environments.
The
activity
neurosecretory
cells
is
controlled
either
by
(1)
cell
autonomous
sensors,
(2)
other
neurons
relay
signals
from
sensors
tissues
(3)
feedback
target
cells.
Thus,
hormonal
signaling
axis
commonly
comprises
several
components.
In
mammals
vertebrates,
axes
known,
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad
hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid
reproduction
respectively.
It
has
been
proposed
basic
organization
evolutionarily
old
cellular
homologs
hypothalamic-pituitary
system
be
found
for
instance
insects.
To
obtain
appreciation
similarities
between
insect
vertebrate
axes,
we
review
systems
Drosophila.
Our
outlines
major
peptidergic
pathways
known
Drosophila
presents
set
schemes
orchestrating
systems.
detailed
larval
adult
displays
only
very
those
arthropods
vertebrates.
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
584, С. 112162 - 112162
Опубликована: Янв. 28, 2024
Peptides
and
protein
hormones
form
the
largest
group
of
secreted
signals
that
mediate
intercellular
communication
are
central
regulators
physiology
behavior
in
all
animals.
Phylogenetic
analyses
biochemical
identifications
peptide-receptor
systems
reveal
a
broad
evolutionary
conservation
these
signaling
at
molecular
level.
Substantial
progress
has
been
made
recent
years
on
characterizing
physiological
putative
ancestral
roles
many
peptide
through
comparative
studies
invertebrate
models.
Several
peptides
not
only
molecularly
conserved
but
also
have
across
animal
phyla.
Here,
we
focus
functional
insights
gained
nematode
Caenorhabditis
elegans
that,
with
its
compact
well-described
nervous
system,
provides
powerful
model
to
dissect
neuroendocrine
networks
involved
control
behavior.
We
summarize
discoveries
knowledge
functions
hormone
C.
elegans.
Communications Biology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
7(1)
Опубликована: Апрель 17, 2024
Abstract
Oxytocin
is
a
neuropeptide
associated
with
both
psychological
and
somatic
processes
like
parturition
social
bonding.
Although
oxytocin
homologs
have
been
identified
in
many
species,
the
evolutionary
timeline
of
entire
signaling
gene
pathway
has
yet
to
be
described.
Using
protein
sequence
similarity
searches,
microsynteny,
phylostratigraphy,
we
assigned
genes
supporting
different
phylostrata
based
on
when
found
they
likely
arose
evolution.
We
show
that
majority
(64%)
are
‘modern’.
Most
modern
evolved
around
emergence
vertebrates
or
jawed
(540
-
530
million
years
ago,
‘mya’),
including
OXTR
,
OXT
CD38
.
Of
those,
45%
were
under
positive
selection
at
some
point
during
vertebrate
also
18%
‘ancient’,
meaning
their
dates
back
cellular
organisms
opisthokonta
(3500–1100
mya).
The
remaining
(18%)
after
ancient
before
classified
as
‘medium-aged’.
Functional
analyses
revealed
that,
humans,
medium-aged
highly
expressed
contractile
organs,
while
primarily
brain
muscle
tissue.
Frontiers in Endocrinology,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
13
Опубликована: Окт. 13, 2022
The
vertebrate
nonapeptide
families
arginine
vasopressin
(AVP)
and
oxytocin
(OXT)
are
considered
to
have
evolved
from
a
single
vasopressin-like
peptide
present
in
invertebrates
termed
vasotocin
early
evolution.
Unprecedented
genome
sequence
availability
has
more
recently
allowed
new
insight
into
the
evolution
of
nonapeptides
especially
their
receptor
context
whole
duplications.
In
bony
fish,
homologues
AVP
(Avp)
an
OXT
family
(Oxt)
originally
isotocin
been
characterized.
While
reproductive
roles
both
historically
studied
several
vertebrates,
teleost
reproduction
remain
much
less
understood.
Taking
advantage
novel
resources
associated
technological
advances
such
as
genetic
modifications
fish
models,
we
here
critically
review
current
state
knowledge
regarding
systems
reproduction.
We
further
discuss
sources
plasticity
conserved
diverse
phenotypes
observed
fishes.
Given
dual
preoptic
area
(POA)
synthesized
Avp
Oxt
neuromodulators
endocrine/paracrine
factors,
focus
on
known
peptides
behaviour
regulation
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal
axis.
Emphasis
is
placed
identification
gonadal
system
that
plays
critical
steroidogenesis
gamete
maturation.
conclude
by
highlighting
key
research
gaps
including
call
for
translational
studies
linking
mechanistic
understanding
regulated
physiology
aquaculture,
conservation
biology
ecotoxicology.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
24(3), С. 2556 - 2556
Опубликована: Янв. 29, 2023
The
research
program
on
oxytocin
started
in
1895,
when
Oliver
and
Schafer
reported
that
a
substance
extracted
from
the
pituitary
gland
elevates
blood
pressure
injected
intravenously
into
dogs.
Dale
later
neurohypophysial
triggers
uterine
contraction,
lactation,
antidiuresis.
Purification
of
this
extracts
revealed
vasopressor
antidiuretic
activity
could
be
attributed
to
vasopressin,
while
uterotonic
lactation
oxytocin.
In
1950,
amino-acid
sequences
vasopressin
were
determined
chemically
synthesized.
Vasopressin
(CYFQNCPRG-NH2)
(CYIQNCPLG-NH2)
differ
by
two
amino
acids
have
disulfide
bridge
between
cysteine
residues
at
position
one
six
conserved
all
vasopressin/oxytocin-type
peptides.
This
characterization
led
Nobel
Prize
awarded
1955
Vincent
du
Vigneaud.
Nevertheless,
it
was
only
50
years
evidence
mice
depleted
or
its
receptor
develop
late-onset
obesity
metabolic
syndrome
established
regulates
energy
metabolism.
Oxytocin
is
anorexigenic
lean/fat
mass
composition
skeletal
muscle.
Oxytocin’s
effect
muscle
mediated
thermogenesis
via
pathway
initiated
myocardium.
involvement
contraction
linked
Prader-Willi
humans,
opening
exciting
therapeutic
avenues.
Journal of Neuroendocrinology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
33(11)
Опубликована: Июль 13, 2021
Our
understanding
of
the
oxytocin
system
has
been
built
over
last
70
years
by
work
hundreds
scientists,
reported
in
thousands
papers.
Here,
we
construct
a
map
to
that
literature,
using
citation
network
analysis
conjunction
with
bibliometrics.
The
identifies
ten
major
'clusters'
papers
on
differ
their
particular
research
focus
and
densely
cite
from
same
cluster.
We
identify
highly
cited
within
each
cluster
decade,
not
because
citations
are
good
indicator
quality,
but
as
guide
recognising
what
questions
were
wide
interest
at
times.
clusters
temporal
profiles
bibliometric
features;
here,
attempt
understand
origins
these
differences.
Frontiers in Endocrinology,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
13
Опубликована: Сен. 23, 2022
Bilateria
have
bilateral
symmetry
and
are
subdivided
into
Deuterostomia
(animals
like
vertebrates)
Protostomia
insects
mollusks).
Neuropeptides
occur
in
both
Proto-
they
frequently
structurally
related
across
these
two
lineages.
For
example,
peptides
belonging
to
the
oxytocin/vasopressin
family
exist
clades.
The
same
is
true
for
G
protein-coupled
receptors
(GPCRs)
of
peptides.
These
observations
suggest
that
neuropeptides
their
GPCRs
were
already
present
common
ancestor
Deuterostomia,
which
lived
about
700
million
years
ago
(MYA).
Furthermore,
early-branching
phyla
diverged
before
emergence
Bilateria:
Cnidaria
corals
sea
anemones),
Placozoa
(small
disk-like
animals,
feeding
on
algae).
sequences
GPCRs,
however,
not
closely
those
from
Bilateria.
In
addition,
cnidarian
Placozoa.
We
propose
divergence
times
between
Cnidaria,
Placozoa,
might
be
too
long
recognizing
sequence
identities.
Leucine-rich
repeats-containing
(LGRs)
a
special
class
characterized
by
N-terminus
containing
10-20
leucine-rich
domains,
used
ligand
binding.
Among
ligands
LGRs
dimeric
glycoprotein
hormones,
insulin-like
peptides,
such
as
relaxin.
been
found
only
but
also
early
emerging
phyla,
Humans
eight
LGRs.
our
current
review,
we
revisited
annotations
anemone
Nematostella
vectensis
placozoan
Trichoplax
adhaerens
.
identified
13
no
less
than
46
T
All
human
appear
orthologues
anemones
placozoans.
ligands,
therefore,
evolutionary
history,
going
back
