Gastroenterology Insights,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
15(3), С. 541 - 554
Опубликована: Июнь 28, 2024
Inflammatory
bowel
diseases
(IBDs)
represent
multifactorial
chronic
inflammatory
conditions
of
the
gastrointestinal
tract.
The
main
IBDs
are
Crohn’s
disease
(CD)
and
ulcerative
colitis
(UC).
CD
may
cause
perforation,
stricture
or
transmural
inflammation,
which
can
occur
discontinuously
in
entire
tract
(GIT).
UC
leads
to
mucosal
inflammation
as
well
atrophy
rectum
colon.
Innate
immunity
is
considered
first
line
defense
against
microbial
invasion;
among
Toll-like
receptors,
TLR2
most
important
for
mycobacterial
infection.
has
been
reported
have
a
lot
functions
infectious
other
pathologies,
such
acute
diseases.
Alfa-Smooth
Muscle
Actin
(α-SMA)
an
biomarker
IBDs.
All
myofibroblasts
express
α-SMA,
found
be
upregulated
UC.
Paraformaldehyde-fixed
intestinal
tissues,
from
patients
with
UC,
were
analyzed
by
immunostaining
α-SMA.
Our
results
showed
that,
samples
obtained
inflamed
mucosa,
TLR2-positive
epithelial
cells
concentrated
on
surface
scattered
immune
connective
tissue;
furthermore,
numerous
α-SMA-positive
(subepithelial
myofibroblasts)
detected
lamina
propria
around
glands,
while
some
co-localizing
α-SMA
could
macrophages.
In
patients,
enterocytes
villus
observed.
control
samples,
low
positivity
was
observed
subepithelial
propria.
These
data
recall
during
state;
addition,
expression
change
epithelium
IBDs,
demonstrating
that
alterations
innate
system
response
contribute
pathogenesis
these
Journal of Neuroinflammation,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
21(1)
Опубликована: Май 10, 2024
Abstract
Traumatic
brain
injury
(TBI)
is
a
chronic
and
debilitating
disease,
associated
with
high
risk
of
psychiatric
neurodegenerative
diseases.
Despite
significant
advancements
in
improving
outcomes,
the
lack
effective
treatments
underscore
urgent
need
for
innovative
therapeutic
strategies.
The
brain-gut
axis
has
emerged
as
crucial
bidirectional
pathway
connecting
gastrointestinal
(GI)
system
through
an
intricate
network
neuronal,
hormonal,
immunological
pathways.
Four
main
pathways
are
primarily
implicated
this
crosstalk,
including
systemic
immune
system,
autonomic
enteric
nervous
systems,
neuroendocrine
microbiome.
TBI
induces
profound
changes
gut,
initiating
unrestrained
vicious
cycle
that
exacerbates
axis.
Alterations
gut
include
mucosal
damage
malabsorption
nutrients/electrolytes,
disintegration
intestinal
barrier,
increased
infiltration
cells,
dysmotility,
dysbiosis,
enteroendocrine
cell
(EEC)
dysfunction
disruption
(ENS)
(ANS).
Collectively,
these
further
contribute
to
neuroinflammation
neurodegeneration
via
gut-brain
In
review
article,
we
elucidate
roles
various
anti-inflammatory
pharmacotherapies
capable
attenuating
dysregulated
inflammatory
response
along
TBI.
These
agents
hormones
such
serotonin,
ghrelin,
progesterone,
ANS
regulators
beta-blockers,
lipid-lowering
drugs
like
statins,
flora
modulators
probiotics
antibiotics.
They
attenuate
by
targeting
distinct
both
post-TBI.
exhibit
promising
potential
mitigating
inflammation
enhancing
neurocognitive
outcomes
patients.
Toxics,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
10(5), С. 218 - 218
Опубликована: Апрель 27, 2022
Industrialization
has
resulted
in
a
massive
increase
garbage
output,
which
is
frequently
discharged
or
stored
waterways
like
rivers
and
seas.
Due
to
their
toxicity,
durability,
bioaccumulation,
biomagnification,
heavy
metals
(such
as
mercury,
cadmium,
lead)
have
been
identified
strong
biological
poisons.
Their
presence
the
aquatic
environment
potential
affect
water
quality
parameters
life
general.
Teleosts'
histopathology
provides
sensitive
indicator
of
pollutant-induced
stress,
because
organs
central
role
transformation
different
active
chemical
compounds
environment.
In
particular,
gills,
kidneys,
liver
are
placed
at
center
toxicological
studies.
The
purpose
this
study
examine
morphological
changes
caused
by
kidney
gills
Boops
boops,
with
focus
on
melanomacrophages
centers
(MMCs)
rodlet
cells
(RCs)
environmental
biomarkers,
using
histological
histochemical
stainings
(hematoxylin/eosin,
Van
Gieson
trichrome,
Periodic
Acid
Schiff
reaction,
Alcian
Blue/PAS
2.5),
immunoperoxidase
methods.
Our
findings
show
an
MMCs
RCs
linked
higher
exposure
metals,
confirming
these
aggregates
reliable
biomarkers
reflected
fish
fauna.
cytological
could
be
important
gaining
better
understanding
complicated
immune
systems
teleosts.
Cell Insight,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown, С. 100227 - 100227
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025
The
human
gut
microbiota
plays
a
critical
role
in
maintaining
host
homeostasis
through
metabolic
activities.
Among
these,
amino
acid
(AA)
metabolism
by
the
large
intestine
is
highly
heterogeneous
and
relevant
to
health.
Despite
increasing
interest,
microbial
AA
remains
relatively
unexplored.
This
review
highlights
recent
advances
colonic
metabolism,
including
auxotrophies,
synthesis,
dissimilatory
metabolites,
their
implications
health,
focusing
on
major
gastrointestinal
diseases
colorectal
cancer,
inflammatory
bowel
disease,
irritable
syndrome.
Biology,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
11(7), С. 1045 - 1045
Опубликована: Июль 12, 2022
Dendritic
cells
(DCs)
are
antigen-presenting
(APCs)
that
regulate
the
beginning
of
adaptive
immune
responses.
The
mechanisms
tolerance
to
antigens
moving
through
digestive
tract
known
be
regulated
by
intestinal
DCs.
Agnatha
and
Gnathostoma
descendants
a
common
ancestor.
Ostracoderms
gave
rise
Cyclostomes,
whereas
Placoderms
Chondrichthyes.
Abstract
Metazoans
have
several
mechanisms
of
internal
defense
for
their
survival.
The
system
evolved
alongside
the
organisms.
Annelidae
circulating
coelomocytes
that
perform
functions
comparable
to
phagocytic
immune
cells
vertebrates.
Several
studies
shown
these
are
involved
in
phagocytosis,
opsonization,
and
pathogen
recognition
processes.
Like
vertebrate
macrophages,
permeate
organs
from
coelomic
cavity
capture
or
encapsulate
pathogens,
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS),
nitric
oxide
(NO).
Furthermore,
they
produce
a
range
bioactive
proteins
response
detoxification
through
lysosomal
system.
Coelomocytes
can
also
participate
lithic
reactions
against
target
release
antimicrobial
peptides.
Our
study
immunohistochemically
identify
Lumbricus
terrestris
scattered
epidermal
connective
layer
below,
both
longitudinal
smooth
muscle
layer,
immunoreactive
TLR2,
CD14
α-Tubulin
first
time.
TLR2
not
fully
colocalized
with
each
other,
suggesting
may
belong
two
distinct
families.
expression
molecules
on
confirms
crucial
role
Oligochaeta
protostomes,
phylogenetic
conservation
receptors.
These
data
could
provide
further
insights
into
understanding
Annelida
complex
Microscopy Research and Technique,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
85(7), С. 2651 - 2658
Опубликована: Апрель 8, 2022
The
endostyle
is
the
first
component
of
ascidian
digestive
tract,
it
shaped
like
a
through
and
located
in
pharynx's
ventral
wall.
This
organ
divided
longitudinally
into
nine
zones
that
are
parallel
to
each
other.
Each
zone's
cells
physically
functionally
distinct.
Support
elements
found
1,
3,
5,
while
mucoproteins
secreting
related
filtering
function
2,
4,
6.
Zones
7,
8,
9,
which
lateral
dorsal
section
endostyle,
include
with
high
iodine
peroxidase
concentrations.
Immunohistochemical
technique
using
following
antibodies,
Toll-like
receptor
2
(TLR-2)
vasoactive
intestinal
peptide
(VIP),
lectin
histochemistry
(WGA-wheat-germagglutinin),
were
used
this
investigation
define
immune
Styela
plicata
(Lesueur,
1823).
Our
results
demonstrate
presence
S.
plicata,
highlighting
innate
mechanisms
highly
conserved
phylogeny
chordates.
RESEARCH
HIGHLIGHTS:
Immune
positive
TLR-2
VIP
plicata.
Expression
WGA
several
endostyle.
Use
comparative
biology
improve
knowledge
about
immunology
ascidians.
