Is a Mask That Covers the Mouth and Nose Free from Undesirable Side Effects in Everyday Use and Free of Potential Hazards?

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 18(8), С. 4344 - 4344

Опубликована: Апрель 20, 2021

Many countries introduced the requirement to wear masks in public spaces for containing SARS-CoV-2 making it commonplace 2020. Up until now, there has been no comprehensive investigation as adverse health effects can cause. The aim was find, test, evaluate and compile scientifically proven related side of wearing masks. For a quantitative evaluation, 44 mostly experimental studies were referenced, substantive 65 publications found. literature revealed relevant numerous disciplines. In this paper, we refer psychological physical deterioration well multiple symptoms described because their consistent, recurrent uniform presentation from different disciplines Mask-Induced Exhaustion Syndrome (MIES). We objectified evaluation evidenced changes respiratory physiology mask wearers with significant correlation O2 drop fatigue (p < 0.05), clustered co-occurrence impairment (67%), N95 CO2 rise (82%), (72%), headache (60%), temperature (88%), but also moisture (100%) under Extended mask-wearing by general population could lead consequences many medical fields.

Язык: Английский

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Mechanisms underlying the health benefits of intermittent hypoxia conditioning

The Journal of Physiology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 602(21), С. 5757 - 5783

Опубликована: Окт. 20, 2023

Abstract Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is commonly associated with pathological conditions, particularly obstructive sleep apnoea. However, IH also increasingly used to enhance health and performance emerging as a potent non‐pharmacological intervention against numerous diseases. Whether detrimental or beneficial for largely determined by the intensity, duration, number frequency of hypoxic exposures specific responses they engender. Adaptive protect from future ischaemic insults, improve cellular resilience functions, boost mental physical performance. The systemic mechanisms producing these benefits are highly complex, failure different components can shift long‐term adaptation maladaptation development pathologies. Rather than discussing in detail well‐characterized individual adaptations IH, we here aim summarize integrate hypoxia‐activated into holistic picture body's adaptive specifically demonstrate how might be mobilized their while minimizing risks exposure. image

Язык: Английский

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The multifunctionality of the brainstem breathing control circuit

Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 90, С. 102974 - 102974

Опубликована: Янв. 28, 2025

Subconscious breathing is generated by a network of brainstem nodes with varying purposes, like pacing or patterning certain breath phase. Decades anatomy, pharmacology, and physiology studies have identified characterized the system's fundamental properties that produce robust breathing, we now well-conceived computational models are based on detailed descriptions neuronal connectivity, biophysical properties, functions in breathing. In total, considerable understanding control circuit. But, last five years, utilization molecular genetic approaches to study neural subtypes within each node has led new era circuit research explains how integrated more complex behaviors speaking running connected other physiological systems our state-of-mind. This review will describe basic role key components then highlight transformative discoveries broaden these brain areas. These serve illustrate creativity exciting future research.

Язык: Английский

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Muscles and Central Neural Networks Involved in Breathing: State of the Art

Cureus, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 15, 2025

Breathing is a systemic act, which involves not only the lungs, but entire body system. To have comprehensive clinical picture, it necessary to all patient's data; from this assumption, we can affirm that know muscles involved in breathing understand how obtain approach for care and treatment of patient improve respiratory capacity. The text reviews efferent connections centers cites are mechanism controlled managed by centers, starting muscular description cranial area, bucco-cervical cervicothoracic thoracic area. Knowing function accessory allows us obtain, some cases, valuable data prove predictive diagnostic path pathology. This first article literature, authors' knowledge, attempts list include single directly or indirectly breathing. goal narrative review remind clinicians researchers study different responses need analyze work skeletal musculature better what happens pathological physiological phases during step will allow individualize therapeutic training healthy subjects.

Язык: Английский

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Advancing respiratory–cardiovascular physiology with the working heart–brainstem preparation over 25 years

The Journal of Physiology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 600(9), С. 2049 - 2075

Опубликована: Март 16, 2022

Abstract Twenty‐five years ago, a new physiological preparation called the working heart–brainstem (WHBP) was introduced with claim it would provide platform allowing studies not possible before in cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, autonomic and respiratory research. Herein, we review some of progress made WHBP, advantages disadvantages along potential future applications, photographs technical drawings all customised equipment used for preparation. Using mice or rats, WHBP is an situ experimental model that perfused via extracorporeal circuit benefitting from unprecedented surgical access, mechanical stability brain whole cell recording uncompromised use pharmacological agents akin to vitro approaches. The has revealed novel mechanistic insights into, example, generation distinct rhythms, neurogenesis sympathetic activity, coupling between respiration heart circulation, hypothalamic spinal control mechanisms, peripheral central chemoreceptor mechanisms. Insights have been gleaned into diseases such as hypertension, failure sleep apnoea. Findings ratified conscious vivo animals when tested translated humans. We conclude by discussing applications including two‐photon imaging nervous systems adoption pharmacogenetic tools will improve our understanding mechanisms reveal may guide treatment strategies cardiorespiratory diseases. image

Язык: Английский

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Closed-Loop Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: State of the Art and Future Directions

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9

Опубликована: Апрель 7, 2022

The autonomic nervous system exerts a fine beat-to-beat regulation of cardiovascular functions and is consequently involved in the onset progression many diseases (CVDs). Selective neuromodulation brain-heart axis with advanced neurotechnologies an emerging approach to corroborate CVDs treatment when classical pharmacological agents show limited effectiveness. vagus nerve major component cardiac neuroaxis, stimulation (VNS) promising application restore function under various pathological conditions. VNS has led encouraging results animal models CVDs, but its translation clinical practice not been equally successful, calling for more investigation optimize this technique. Herein we reviewed state art discuss avenues therapeutic optimization. Firstly, provided succinct description vagal innervation anatomy physiology principles VNS. Then, examined main applications related open challenges. Finally, presented preclinical studies that aim at overcoming limitations through optimization anatomical targets, development novel neural interface technologies, design efficient closed-loop protocols.

Язык: Английский

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Respiratory–cardiovascular interactions

Handbook of clinical neurology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер unknown, С. 279 - 308

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Parabrachial tachykinin1-expressing neurons involved in state-dependent breathing control

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 21, 2023

Abstract Breathing is regulated automatically by neural circuits in the medulla to maintain homeostasis, but breathing also modified behavior and emotion. Mice have rapid patterns that are unique awake state distinct from those driven automatic reflexes. Activation of medullary neurons control does not reproduce these patterns. By manipulating transcriptionally defined parabrachial nucleus, we identify a subset express Tac1 , Calca gene exerts potent precise conditional awake, anesthetized, via projections ventral intermediate reticular zone medulla. Activating drives frequencies match physiological maximum through mechanisms differ underlie breathing. We postulate this circuit important for integration with state-dependent behaviors emotions.

Язык: Английский

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Variations on the theme: focus on cerebellum and emotional processing

Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 17

Опубликована: Май 10, 2023

The cerebellum operates exploiting a complex modular organization and unified computational algorithm adapted to different behavioral contexts. Recent observations suggest that the is involved not just in motor but also emotional cognitive processing. It therefore critical identify specific regional connectivity microcircuit properties of cerebellum. studies are highlighting differential localization genes, molecules, synaptic mechanisms wiring. However, impact these differences fully understood will require experimental investigation modeling. This review focuses on cellular circuit underpinnings cerebellar role emotion. And since emotion involves an integration cognitive, somatomotor, autonomic activity, we elaborate tradeoff between segregation distribution three main functions

Язык: Английский

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A top-down slow breathing circuit that alleviates negative affect in mice

Nature Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Ноя. 19, 2024

Язык: Английский

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