Is a Mask That Covers the Mouth and Nose Free from Undesirable Side Effects in Everyday Use and Free of Potential Hazards?

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 18(8), P. 4344 - 4344

Published: April 20, 2021

Many countries introduced the requirement to wear masks in public spaces for containing SARS-CoV-2 making it commonplace 2020. Up until now, there has been no comprehensive investigation as adverse health effects can cause. The aim was find, test, evaluate and compile scientifically proven related side of wearing masks. For a quantitative evaluation, 44 mostly experimental studies were referenced, substantive 65 publications found. literature revealed relevant numerous disciplines. In this paper, we refer psychological physical deterioration well multiple symptoms described because their consistent, recurrent uniform presentation from different disciplines Mask-Induced Exhaustion Syndrome (MIES). We objectified evaluation evidenced changes respiratory physiology mask wearers with significant correlation O2 drop fatigue (p < 0.05), clustered co-occurrence impairment (67%), N95 CO2 rise (82%), (72%), headache (60%), temperature (88%), but also moisture (100%) under Extended mask-wearing by general population could lead consequences many medical fields.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms underlying the health benefits of intermittent hypoxia conditioning

The Journal of Physiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 602(21), P. 5757 - 5783

Published: Oct. 20, 2023

Abstract Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is commonly associated with pathological conditions, particularly obstructive sleep apnoea. However, IH also increasingly used to enhance health and performance emerging as a potent non‐pharmacological intervention against numerous diseases. Whether detrimental or beneficial for largely determined by the intensity, duration, number frequency of hypoxic exposures specific responses they engender. Adaptive protect from future ischaemic insults, improve cellular resilience functions, boost mental physical performance. The systemic mechanisms producing these benefits are highly complex, failure different components can shift long‐term adaptation maladaptation development pathologies. Rather than discussing in detail well‐characterized individual adaptations IH, we here aim summarize integrate hypoxia‐activated into holistic picture body's adaptive specifically demonstrate how might be mobilized their while minimizing risks exposure. image

Language: Английский

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Muscles and Central Neural Networks Involved in Breathing: State of the Art

Cureus, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 15, 2025

Breathing is a systemic act, which involves not only the lungs, but entire body system. To have comprehensive clinical picture, it necessary to all patient's data; from this assumption, we can affirm that know muscles involved in breathing understand how obtain approach for care and treatment of patient improve respiratory capacity. The text reviews efferent connections centers cites are mechanism controlled managed by centers, starting muscular description cranial area, bucco-cervical cervicothoracic thoracic area. Knowing function accessory allows us obtain, some cases, valuable data prove predictive diagnostic path pathology. This first article literature, authors' knowledge, attempts list include single directly or indirectly breathing. goal narrative review remind clinicians researchers study different responses need analyze work skeletal musculature better what happens pathological physiological phases during step will allow individualize therapeutic training healthy subjects.

Language: Английский

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Advancing respiratory–cardiovascular physiology with the working heart–brainstem preparation over 25 years

The Journal of Physiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 600(9), P. 2049 - 2075

Published: March 16, 2022

Abstract Twenty‐five years ago, a new physiological preparation called the working heart–brainstem (WHBP) was introduced with claim it would provide platform allowing studies not possible before in cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, autonomic and respiratory research. Herein, we review some of progress made WHBP, advantages disadvantages along potential future applications, photographs technical drawings all customised equipment used for preparation. Using mice or rats, WHBP is an situ experimental model that perfused via extracorporeal circuit benefitting from unprecedented surgical access, mechanical stability brain whole cell recording uncompromised use pharmacological agents akin to vitro approaches. The has revealed novel mechanistic insights into, example, generation distinct rhythms, neurogenesis sympathetic activity, coupling between respiration heart circulation, hypothalamic spinal control mechanisms, peripheral central chemoreceptor mechanisms. Insights have been gleaned into diseases such as hypertension, failure sleep apnoea. Findings ratified conscious vivo animals when tested translated humans. We conclude by discussing applications including two‐photon imaging nervous systems adoption pharmacogenetic tools will improve our understanding mechanisms reveal may guide treatment strategies cardiorespiratory diseases. image

Language: Английский

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Closed-Loop Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: State of the Art and Future Directions

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: April 7, 2022

The autonomic nervous system exerts a fine beat-to-beat regulation of cardiovascular functions and is consequently involved in the onset progression many diseases (CVDs). Selective neuromodulation brain-heart axis with advanced neurotechnologies an emerging approach to corroborate CVDs treatment when classical pharmacological agents show limited effectiveness. vagus nerve major component cardiac neuroaxis, stimulation (VNS) promising application restore function under various pathological conditions. VNS has led encouraging results animal models CVDs, but its translation clinical practice not been equally successful, calling for more investigation optimize this technique. Herein we reviewed state art discuss avenues therapeutic optimization. Firstly, provided succinct description vagal innervation anatomy physiology principles VNS. Then, examined main applications related open challenges. Finally, presented preclinical studies that aim at overcoming limitations through optimization anatomical targets, development novel neural interface technologies, design efficient closed-loop protocols.

Language: Английский

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Respiratory–cardiovascular interactions

Handbook of clinical neurology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 279 - 308

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Language: Английский

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Parabrachial tachykinin1-expressing neurons involved in state-dependent breathing control

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Feb. 21, 2023

Abstract Breathing is regulated automatically by neural circuits in the medulla to maintain homeostasis, but breathing also modified behavior and emotion. Mice have rapid patterns that are unique awake state distinct from those driven automatic reflexes. Activation of medullary neurons control does not reproduce these patterns. By manipulating transcriptionally defined parabrachial nucleus, we identify a subset express Tac1 , Calca gene exerts potent precise conditional awake, anesthetized, via projections ventral intermediate reticular zone medulla. Activating drives frequencies match physiological maximum through mechanisms differ underlie breathing. We postulate this circuit important for integration with state-dependent behaviors emotions.

Language: Английский

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A century of exercise physiology: key concepts in neural control of the circulation

European Journal of Applied Physiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 124(5), P. 1323 - 1336

Published: March 5, 2024

Abstract Early in the twentieth century, Walter B. Cannon (1871–1945) introduced his overarching hypothesis of “ homeostasis” (Cannon 1932)—the ability to sustain physiological values within a narrow range necessary for life during periods stress. Physical exercise represents stress which motor, respiratory and cardiovascular systems must be integrated across metabolic match oxygen delivery need at cellular level, together with appropriate thermoregulatory control, blood pressure adjustments energy provision. Of these, regulation is complex but controlled variable, being function cardiac output vascular resistance (or conductance). Key understanding control coordinating role autonomic nervous system. A long history outlines development these concepts how they are context. This review focuses on renaissance observations thinking generated first three decades century that opened doorway new inquiry exercise. The addressed here include following: (1) pressure, (2) central command, (3) neurovascular transduction emphasis sympathetic nerve activity end organ response, (4) tonic integration.

Language: Английский

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Analysis of the distribution of vagal afferent projections from different peripheral organs to the nucleus of the solitary tract in rats

The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 530(17), P. 3072 - 3103

Published: Aug. 21, 2022

Anatomical tracing studies examining the vagal system can conflate details of sensory afferent and motor efferent neurons. Here, we used a serotype adeno-associated virus that transports retrogradely exhibits selective tropism for afferents, to map their soma location central termination sites within nucleus solitary tract (NTS). We examined afferents innervating trachea, duodenum, stomach, or heart, in some animals, from two organs concurrently. observed no obvious somatotopy somata distribution nodose ganglion. The patterns different NTS overlap substantially. Convergence inputs onto single neurons is observed. Abdominal thoracic terminate throughout NTS, including rostral where 7th cranial nerve are known synapse. To address whether axonal labeling produced by viral transduction so widespread because it fills axons traveling targets, not just terminal fields, labeled pre postsynaptic elements . Vagal form multiple putative synapses as they course through with each neuron distributing signals second-order observe little selectivity between visceral targets common neurochemical phenotypes, making close appositions same neuron. conclude specific viscerosensory information distributed widely coding this input probably determined intrinsic properties projections

Language: Английский

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Structure and Functions of the Vagus Nerve in Mammals

Comprehensive physiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 3989 - 4037

Published: Aug. 11, 2022

We review the structure and function of vagus nerve, drawing on information obtained in humans experimental animals. The nerve is largest longest cranial supplying structures neck, thorax, abdomen. It also only which vast majority its innervation territory resides outside head. While belonging to parasympathetic division autonomic nervous system, primarily sensory—it dominated by sensory axons. discuss macroscopic microscopic features including a detailed description extensive territory. Histochemical genetic profiles afferent efferent axons are detailed, as central nuclei involved processing conveyed generation motor (including parasympathetic) outflow via nerve. provide comprehensive physiological roles vagal neurons control cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal systems, finish with discussion interactions between immune system. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 3989–4037, 2022.

Language: Английский

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