Materials,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
18(10), P. 2248 - 2248
Published: May 13, 2025
Sodium-ion
batteries
(SIBs)
have
emerged
as
a
viable
alternative
to
lithium-ion
technologies,
with
carbon-based
anodes
playing
pivotal
role
in
addressing
key
challenges
of
sodium
storage.
This
review
systematically
examines
hard
carbon
the
premier
anode
material,
elucidating
its
dual
storage
mechanisms:
(1)
sloping
capacity
(2.0–0.1
V
vs.
Na+/Na)
from
surface/defect
adsorption
and
(2)
plateau
(<0.1
V)
via
closed-pore
filling
pseudo-graphitic
intercalation.
Through
critical
analysis
recent
advancements,
we
establish
that
optimized
architectures
delivering
300–400
mAh/g
require
precise
coordination
domains
(d002
=
0.36–0.40
nm)
<1
nm
closed
pores.
ultimately
provides
design
blueprint
for
next-generation
anodes,
proposing
three
research
frontiers:
machine
learning-guided
microstructure
optimization,
dynamic
sodiation/desodiation
control
sub
pores,
(3)
scalable
manufacturing
heteroatom-doped
engineered
domains.
These
advancements
position
enablers
high-performance,
cost-effective
SIBs
grid-scale
energy
applications.
Soft-hard
carbon
has
been
regarded
as
a
suitable
anode
material
for
potassium-ion
batteries
(PIBs)
due
to
synergistic
effects
between
hard
(HC)
and
soft
carbon.
However,
the
cost-effective
precise
structural
control
of
these
carbons
remains
significant
challenge.
In
this
study,
O/F-dual-doped
soft-hard
(OFPC)
composite
materials
with
porous
honeycomb-like
structure
are
simply
synthesized
by
using
an
in
situ,
low-temperature
pyrolysis
strategy.
It
is
observed
that
outer
wall
HC
uniformly
closely
wrapped
layer,
ensuring
excellent
electrical
conductivity
charge-transfer
kinetics.
Furthermore,
O/F
codoping
can
preserve
rich
defects
active
sites
while
enlarging
interlayer
spacing
(0.413
nm).
As
PIBs,
OFPC
demonstrates
obviously
reducing
polarization,
long-life
cycling
stability
(93%
capacity
retention
rate
over
3000
cycles
at
1
A
g-1),
rapid
K+
transport
kinetics
(reversible
47.1%
5
g-1
compared
0.1
g-1).
Particularly
noteworthy
continuous
self-optimization
during
cyclic
charge/discharge
process
adapt
large
radius
K+,
which
be
monitored
quantified
kinetic
analysis
situ/ex
situ
Raman
spectra.
This
work
provides
facile
strategy
develop
promising
anodes
advanced
PIBs.
Materials,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
18(10), P. 2248 - 2248
Published: May 13, 2025
Sodium-ion
batteries
(SIBs)
have
emerged
as
a
viable
alternative
to
lithium-ion
technologies,
with
carbon-based
anodes
playing
pivotal
role
in
addressing
key
challenges
of
sodium
storage.
This
review
systematically
examines
hard
carbon
the
premier
anode
material,
elucidating
its
dual
storage
mechanisms:
(1)
sloping
capacity
(2.0–0.1
V
vs.
Na+/Na)
from
surface/defect
adsorption
and
(2)
plateau
(<0.1
V)
via
closed-pore
filling
pseudo-graphitic
intercalation.
Through
critical
analysis
recent
advancements,
we
establish
that
optimized
architectures
delivering
300–400
mAh/g
require
precise
coordination
domains
(d002
=
0.36–0.40
nm)
<1
nm
closed
pores.
ultimately
provides
design
blueprint
for
next-generation
anodes,
proposing
three
research
frontiers:
machine
learning-guided
microstructure
optimization,
dynamic
sodiation/desodiation
control
sub
pores,
(3)
scalable
manufacturing
heteroatom-doped
engineered
domains.
These
advancements
position
enablers
high-performance,
cost-effective
SIBs
grid-scale
energy
applications.
