Macromolecular Materials and Engineering,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: May 28, 2025
Abstract
Conductive
hydrogels
are
a
class
of
multifunctional
composites
constructed
by
introducing
conductive
components
into
three‐dimensional
polymer
network,
combining
the
high
water‐content,
stretchability,
and
biocompatibility
traditional
hydrogels.
In
recent
years,
researchers
have
developed
stimuli‐responsive
(SRCHs)
through
molecular
functionalization
design,
which
can
respond
to
external
stimuli
such
as
mechanical
stress,
temperature,
pH,
light,
electric
field,
etc.,
realize
electrical
signal
output
or
behavior
modulation,
so
satisfy
requirements
smart
devices
for
dynamic
sensing
active
response
materials.
Thanks
synergistic
effect
environmental
responsiveness
conductivity,
SRCHs
show
broad
application
prospect
in
actuation.
However,
due
complexity
environment,
it
is
still
difficult
utilize
materials
construct
sophisticated
devices.
This
paper
systematically
reviews
progress
material
design
actuation
applications
past
five
focuses
on
their
mechanisms
performance
optimization
strategies,
summarizes
current
challenges
future
development
directions,
with
view
providing
theoretical
references
technological
inspirations
next‐generation
Macromolecular Rapid Communications,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 15, 2025
Hydrogels
are
flexible
materials
characterized
by
a
3D
network
structure,
which
possess
high
water
content
and
adjustable
physicochemical
properties.
They
have
found
widespread
applications
in
tissue
engineering,
electronic
skin,
drug
delivery,
sensors,
photothermal
therapy.
However,
hydrogel
networks
often
exhibit
swelling
behavior
aqueous
environments,
can
result
structural
degradation
loss
of
gel
performance.
In
this
study,
polyacrylic
acid
is
utilized
as
the
primary
structure
with
incorporation
natural
polymer
chitosan.
Furthermore,
conductive
exhibiting
good
mechanical
strength
similar
to
human
skin
excellent
anti-swelling
properties
developed
integrating
phytic
into
network.
The
as-prepared
hydrogels
exhibited
maximum
pure
water,
achieving
an
equilibrium
rate
15%.
Additionally,
dopamine-grafted
binder
synthesized
through
coupling
reaction
enhance
adhesion
various
substrates.
demonstrated
strong
different
Whether
air
or
underwater,
sensor
effectively
monitors
movement
behaviors.
utilizing
sensing
signals
send
Morse
code,
facilitate
underwater
communication.
This
type
anticipated
play
significant
role
wearable
Advanced Electronic Materials,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: March 5, 2025
Abstract
The
couplant
layer
that
transmits
sound
waves
to
the
skin
is
essential
for
ultrasound
imaging.
Conventional
liquid‐based
couplants
are
unsuitable
wearable
detectors,
while
polymer‐based
dry
often
suffer
from
high
acoustic
attenuation.
Hydrogel‐based
possess
ideal
and
mechanical
properties;
however,
water
evaporation
restricts
their
application
in
long‐term
monitoring.
Current
strategies
improve
retention,
such
as
encapsulating
hydrogels
with
elastomers,
typically
overlook
issue
of
curing
shrinkage.
This
shrinkage
induces
a
wrinkled
interface
between
elastomer
hydrogel,
which
can
cause
scattering
reflection
waves,
thereby
compromising
quality.
To
address
this
problem,
prefabricated
hydrogel
employed
template
mitigate
at
interface.
In
meantime,
large
amount
glycerol
added
form
organohydrogel,
reduces
interactions
polymer
chains,
further
minimizing
resulting
smooth
Additionally,
within
combined
external
encapsulation
layer,
enhances
retention.
results
demonstrate
prepared
maintain
stable
attenuation
coefficients
produce
clear
imaging
over
8
days.
ACS Macro Letters,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 448 - 457
Published: March 20, 2025
Ionic
hydrogels
are
ideal
for
soft
bioelectronics
due
to
their
softness,
stretchability,
and
ion-mediated
signal
transduction.
However,
traditional
face
dehydration
freezing
issues.
Inspired
by
natural
skin,
this
study
creates
a
supramolecular
ionic
organogel
using
silk
fibroin,
zwitterionic
polymers,
Ca2+,
ethylene
glycol
(EG).
The
is
conductive,
highly
stretchable,
adhesive,
environmentally
stable,
biocompatible.
Theoretical
calculations
reveal
that
interactions
among
groups,
EG,
water
stronger
than
water-water
interactions,
converting
"free"
into
"locked"
water.
This
mechanism
allows
the
retain
over
90%
of
its
weight
after
30
days
at
25
°C
60%
relative
humidity,
while
also
resisting
disrupting
ice
formation.
Its
conductivity,
adhesion,
biocompatibility
enable
applications
in
on-skin
strain
sensors
electrodes
monitoring
motion
recording
electrophysiological
signals.
work
elucidates
molecular
networks,
provides
design
framework
tolerant
organogel,
advances
ion-conductive
bioelectronics.
Advanced Functional Materials,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: April 4, 2025
Abstract
With
the
development
of
flexible
wearable
devices,
conductive
hydrogels
have
attracted
widespread
attention
due
to
their
unique
properties.
However,
traditional
often
suffer
from
poor
mechanical
properties
and
environmental
stability,
greatly
limiting
application
areas.
Herein,
a
dynamic
hydrophobically
associated
organo‐hydrogel
network,
which
is
composed
polymer
chain
backbone
(acrylamide
lauryl
methacrylate),
dispersant
(sodium
dodecyl
sulfate),
filler
(lithium
bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonimide),
crosslinker
(containing
imine
bonds)
constructed.
Then,
through
solvent
replacement
strategy
glycerol,
organo‐hydrogels
are
obtained
with
excellent
(1.21
MPa
strength,
12.87
MJ
m
−3
toughness,
3501%
ultra‐stretching),
outstanding
stability
(work
stably
in
wide
range
−20
60
°C),
room‐temperature
self‐healing
ability
(self‐healing
efficiency
over
90%).
Based
on
these
performances,
they
used
as
working
electrode
triboelectric
nanogenerators,
endows
nanogenerators
an
output
voltage
127
V,
power
density
205
mW
−2
,
maintain
stable
10
000
cycles.
A
self‐powered
sensor
also
constructed,
can
realize
function
material
recognition
assistance
machine
learning.
This
work
will
provide
new
ideas
for
novel
sensors.
Hydrogels
have
attracted
increasing
attention
in
wearable
sensors,
but
preparing
underwater
hydrogel
sensors
with
excellent
anti-swelling
and
self-healing
properties
is
still
challenging.
Herein,
an
prepared
by
grafting
poly(acrylic
acid)
hydrophobic
lauryl
methacrylate,
as
well
constructing
a
second
network
multiple
molecular
interactions
(abbreviated
PALCF).
The
introduced
long
alkyl
chains
the
increased
cross-linking
density
of
result
swelling
ratio
only
0.04%
after
immersion
water
for
15
days.
Due
to
abundant
metal
coordination
hydrogen
bonds,
PALCF
exhibits
high
tensile
stress
0.60
MPa
efficiency
reaching
96.0%
at
60
°C
2
min.
Based
on
piezoresistive
effect,
directly
used
strain
sensor
sensitivity
(GF
=
2.24)
control
vehicles
rescue
implementation.
Furthermore,
two
self-powered
triboelectric
nanogenerator
contact
non-contact
models
are
constructed
based
hydrogels
communication,
capable
sending
out
SOS
messages
drowning
alarms
emergency.
proposed
warning
rescuing
functions
potential
use
prevention,
human-machine
interfaces,
communication
system.
