Small,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Sept. 18, 2024
Abstract
Two‐photon
lithography
has
revolutionized
multi‐photon
3D
laser
printing,
enabling
precise
fabrication
of
micro‐
and
nanoscale
structures.
Despite
many
advancements,
challenges
still
persist,
particularly
in
biofunctionalization
microstructures.
This
study
introduces
a
novel
approach
combining
two‐photon
with
scanning
probe
for
post‐functionalization
microstructures
overcoming
limitations
achieving
spatially
controlled
biomolecule
distribution.
The
method
utilizes
diverse
range
inks,
including
phospholipids,
two
different
proteins,
introducing
high
spatial
resolution
distinct
functionalization
on
separate
areas
the
same
microstructure.
surfaces
are
treated
using
bovine
serum
albumin
and/or
3‐(Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane
(GPTMS)
to
enhance
ink
retention.
further
demonstrates
strategies
create
binding
sites
cells
by
integrating
biomolecules,
showcasing
potential
customized
cell
microenvironments.
Specific
adhesion
onto
functionalized
microscaffolds
is
demonstrated,
which
paves
way
applications
tissue
engineering,
biointerfacing
electronic
devices
biomimetic
modeling.
Abstract
Lasers
are
instrumental
in
enabling
precise
processing
and
fostering
the
development
of
new
technologies.
Particularly,
ultrafast
lasers,
due
to
their
unique
interaction
with
matter,
can
achieve
not
only
exceptional
spatial
precision
but
also
meticulously
determine
degree
modification.
A
prime
example
this
is
laser‐based
3D
printing
through
multi‐photon
lithography
(MPL).
This
approach
remarkably
enables
true
structures
at
micro‐
nanoscale,
without
need
for
masks
or
cumbersome
tools,
simply
by
using
computer‐aided
designs.
Owing
these
capabilities,
MPL
has
emerged
as
a
powerful
manufacturing
technique
across
various
multidisciplinary
fields.
The
ongoing
growth
MPL's
utilization
led
notable
advancements
highly
complex
on
different
substrates,
well
improvements
resolution
throughput,
novel
photosensitive
materials,
which
impressively
facilitated
expansion
into
broader
fields
over
last
few
years.
In
perspective
article,
aim
highlight
recent
trends
MPL.
current
challenges
will
be
explored,
addressed
ensure
its
further
integration
advanced
Additive
Manufacturing
nanoscale.
future
perspectives
opportunities
discussed.
Applied Physics Reviews,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
12(1)
Published: Jan. 21, 2025
Droplet
microfluidics
has
emerged
as
highly
relevant
technology
in
diverse
fields
such
nanomaterials
synthesis,
photonics,
drug
delivery,
regenerative
medicine,
food
science,
cosmetics,
and
agriculture.
While
significant
progress
been
made
understanding
the
fundamental
mechanisms
underlying
droplet
generation
microchannels
fabricating
devices
to
produce
droplets
with
varied
functionality
high
throughput,
challenges
persist
along
two
important
directions.
On
one
side,
generalization
of
numerical
results
obtained
by
computational
fluid
dynamics
would
be
deepen
comprehension
complex
physical
phenomena
microfluidics,
well
capability
predicting
device
behavior.
Conversely,
truly
three-dimensional
architectures
enhance
microfluidic
platforms
terms
tailoring
enhancing
flow
properties.
Recent
advancements
artificial
intelligence
(AI)
additive
manufacturing
(AM)
promise
unequaled
opportunities
for
simulating
behavior,
precisely
tracking
individual
droplets,
exploring
innovative
designs.
This
review
provides
a
comprehensive
overview
recent
applying
AI
AM
microfluidics.
The
basic
properties
multiphase
flows
production
are
discussed,
current
fabrication
methods
related
introduced,
together
their
applications.
Delving
into
use
technologies
topics
covered
include
AI-assisted
simulations
real-time
within
systems,
AM-fabrication
systems.
synergistic
combination
is
expected
active
matter
expediting
transition
toward
fully
digital
Small Methods,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Feb. 3, 2025
Abstract
Feynman's
statement,
“There
is
plenty
of
room
at
the
bottom”,
underscores
vast
potential
atomic
scale,
envisioning
microscopic
machines.
Today,
this
vision
extends
into
3D
space,
where
thousands
atoms
and
molecules
are
volumetrically
patterned
to
create
light‐driven
technologies.
To
fully
harness
their
potential,
designs
must
incorporate
high‐refractive‐index
elements
with
exceptional
mechanical
chemical
resilience.
The
frontier,
however,
lies
in
creating
spatially
micro‐optical
architectures
glass
ceramic
materials
dissimilar
compositions.
This
multi‐material
capability
enables
novel
ways
shaping
light,
leveraging
interaction
between
diverse
interfaced
compositions
push
optical
boundaries.
Specifically,
it
encompasses
both
integration
within
same
use
different
for
distinct
architectural
features
an
system.
Integrating
fluid
handling
systems
two‐photon
lithography
(TPL)
provides
a
promising
approach
rapidly
prototyping
such
complex
components.
review
examines
single
TPL
processes,
discussing
photoresin
customization,
essential
physico‐chemical
conditions,
need
cross‐scale
characterization
assess
quality.
It
reflects
on
challenges
characterizing
multi‐scale
outlines
advancements
structures.
roadmap
bridge
research
industry,
emphasizing
collaboration
contributions
advancing
micro‐optics.
Advanced Materials Technologies,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Feb. 11, 2025
Abstract
4D
printing
combines
advancements
in
3D
with
smart
materials
that
change
properties
response
to
external
stimuli,
enabling
the
fabrication
of
functional
devices
directly
from
printer.
Microscale
is
rapidly
growing,
driving
discovery
and
applications
new
strategies.
The
interest
microscale
comes
its
potential
propel
industrial
transformation
across
different
sectors,
ranging
advanced
healthcare
cryptography.
However,
this
requires
rational
design
a
good
understanding
material
response.
This
review
starts
by
describing
for
printing.
technologies
micrometer
resolution
their
use
are
then
discussed.
focus
shifts
stimuli
respond
to,
mechanism
behind
obtained
shape
changes
respect
applied
methods
implemented
so
far
realize
complex
changing
behaviors.
Examples
within
sensing,
microactuation,
data
encryption,
cargo
transport
shown.
After
discussing
current
challenges
mitigation
strategies,
suggestions
on
direction
field
can
take
given,
starting
systematic
iterative
approach
developing
microstructures.
Nanophotonics,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: April 14, 2025
3D
additive
manufacturing
enables
the
fabrication
of
nanophotonic
structures
with
subwavelength
features
that
control
light
across
macroscopic
scales.
Gradient-based
optimization
offers
an
efficient
approach
to
design
these
complex
and
non-intuitive
structures.
However,
expanding
this
methodology
from
2D
introduces
complexities,
such
as
need
for
structural
integrity
connectivity.
This
work
a
multi-objective
method
address
challenges
in
designs.
Our
combines
electromagnetic
simulations
auxiliary
heat-diffusion
solver
ensure
continuous
material
void
By
modeling
regions
heat
sources
boundaries
sinks,
we
optimize
structure
minimize
total
temperature,
thereby
penalizing
disconnected
cannot
dissipate
thermal
loads.
Alongside
optical
response,
metric
becomes
part
our
objective
function.
We
demonstrate
utility
algorithm
by
designing
two
devices.
The
first
is
focusing
element.
second
waveguide
junction,
which
connects
incoming
waveguides
different
wavelengths
into
outgoing
waveguides,
are
rotated
90°
waveguides.
pipeline
generates
digital
blueprints
fabricable
materials,
paving
way
practical
nanoprinting
applications.
Advanced Functional Materials,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
34(28)
Published: March 10, 2024
Abstract
Two‐photon
polymerization
direct
laser
writing
(TPP‐DLW)
technology
has
gained
much
popularity
due
to
its
precision
and
flexibility
in
creating
intricate
3D
micro/nano‐scale
devices
machines.
While
TPP‐DLW
enables
complex
micro/nano
patterning,
developing
multifunctional
materials
tailored
for
this
process
remains
a
challenge,
limiting
sophisticated
device
performance.
This
work
addresses
key
barriers
by
introducing
novel
network
polymer
with
specifically
designed
TPP‐DLW.
The
material
integrates
functional
groups
allowing
submicron
spatial
arrangement
under
control.
Remarkably,
it
demonstrates
tunable
pH
response,
programmed
fluorescence,
dynamic
reconfiguration
upon
optical
illumination.
By
leveraging
TPP‐DLW's
programmability,
reconfigurable
encrypted
microstructures
are
achieved,
representing
new
printing
paradigm
beyond
single
property
systems.
synthesized
responsive
properties,
combined
digital
fabrication
control,
fills
critical
gaps
smart,
adaptive
Potential
applications
requiring
exquisite
control
multi‐tasking,
such
as
biomedical
sensors,
micromachines
optics
could
see
transformative
advancement.
Fundamentally,
integrated
materials‐processing
approach
broadens
manufacturing
design
space
versatility.
Advanced Materials,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
36(38)
Published: July 31, 2024
Abstract
Intelligent
polymer
nanocomposites
are
multicomponent
and
multifunctional
materials
that
show
immense
potential
across
diverse
applications.
However,
to
exhibit
intelligent
traits
such
as
adaptability,
reconfigurability
dynamic
properties,
these
often
require
a
solvent
or
heating
environment
facilitate
the
mobility
of
chains
nanoparticles,
rendering
their
applications
in
everyday
settings
impractical.
Here
azopolymer
function
effectively
solvent‐free,
room‐temperature
based
on
photocontrolled
reversible
solid‐fluid
transitions
via
switching
flow
temperatures
(
T
f
s)
shown.
A
range
is
synthesized
through
grafting
Au
nanorods,
quantum
dots,
superparamagnetic
nanoparticles
with
photoresponsive
azopolymers.
Leveraging
cis
‐
trans
photoisomerization
azo
groups,
transition
between
solid
above
room
temperature)
fluid
below
states.
Such
empower
rewriting
nanopatterns,
correction
nanoscale
defects,
reconfiguration
complex
multiscale
structures,
design
optical
devices.
These
findings
highlight
‐switchable
promising
candidates
for
development
nanomaterials
operative
conditions.
Journal of Measurements in Engineering,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Feb. 18, 2025
Continuous
developments
in
the
field
of
3D
printing
techniques
and
equipment
have
enabled
their
usage
electronics
structures,
circuits,
device
fabrication
addition
to
many
other
fields.
This
advancement
has
potential
sensors
using
silicon-based
micro
or
even
Nanoelectronics.
Currently,
manufacturing
packaging
such
devices
structures
are
heavily
reliant
on
lithography,
which
can
be
slow
involve
substantial
processing
requirements.
In
this
paper,
a
temperature-sensing
Interdigital
Transducer
(IDT)
structure
was
designed
fabricated
Direct
Laser
Writing
(DLW)
based
Two-Photon
Lithography
(TPL),
is
high-resolution
technology.
The
TPL
positive
photoresist
combined
with
physical
vapor
deposition
method
lift-off
process
create
gold
IDT
microstructures.
developed
sensing
were
characterized
network
analyzer
determine
resonance
frequency
its
dependence
temperature
changes.
results
showed
that
exhibit
linear
response
toward
changes
an
average
sensitivity
0.123
MHz/°C.
most
important
advantage
producing
additive
technique
very
small-sized
produced
error-free
efficiently.