Damping Supramolecular Elastomer for Steady Hypothermic Sensing

Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 24, 2025

Abstract Flexible temperature sensors often use gels to achieve skin‐inspired softness, but the water evaporation and freezing of hydrogel leakage ionogel, cause unstable signal transmission inaccurate measurement at sub‐zero temperatures. Here steady hypothermic sensing is achieved by designing a supramolecular elastomer containing two types segments: liquid‐free iontronic segment transmit electrical charges prevent ion leakage, neutral with pendant chains damp vibration for stable transmission. The exhibits excellent tensile properties, adhesiveness, self‐healing, ionic conductivity A wireless system fabricated based on supermolecule elastomer, realizing accurate, steady, sensitive real‐time detection. Especially, sensor coefficient resistance (TCR) 8.87% °C −1 from −20 −15 °C, three five times higher than that most flexible sensors. There no significant difference in detected this an infrared thermal imaging camera. Such represents step toward highly accurate cold chain transportation beyond.

Language: Английский

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Design Strategies and Emerging Applications of Conductive Hydrogels in Wearable Sensing

Gels, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 11(4), P. 258 - 258

Published: April 1, 2025

Conductive hydrogels, integrating high conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and biocompatibility, have emerged as crucial materials driving the evolution of next-generation wearable sensors. Their unique ability to establish seamless interfaces with biological tissues enables real-time acquisition physiological signals, external stimuli, even therapeutic feedback, paving way for intelligent health monitoring personalized medical interventions. To fully harness their potential, significant efforts been dedicated tailoring conductive networks, properties, environmental stability these hydrogels through rational design systematic optimization. This review comprehensively summarizes strategies categorized into metal-based, carbon-based, polymer-based, ionic, hybrid systems. For each type, highlights structural principles, conductivity enhancement, approaches simultaneously enhance robustness long-term under complex environments. Furthermore, emerging applications in sensing systems are thoroughly discussed, covering signal monitoring, mechano-responsive platforms, closed-loop diagnostic–therapeutic Finally, this identifies key challenges offers future perspectives guide development multifunctional, intelligent, scalable hydrogel sensors, accelerating translation advanced flexible electronics smart healthcare technologies.

Language: Английский

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Hydrogel-Based Biointerfaces: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Human–Machine Integration

Gels, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 11(4), P. 232 - 232

Published: March 23, 2025

Human–machine interfacing (HMI) has emerged as a critical technology in healthcare, robotics, and wearable electronics, with hydrogels offering unique advantages multifunctional materials that seamlessly connect biological systems electronic devices. This review provides detailed examination of recent advancements hydrogel design, focusing on their properties potential applications HMI. We explore the key characteristics such biocompatibility, mechanical flexibility, responsiveness, which are essential for effective long-term integration tissues. Additionally, we highlight innovations conductive hydrogels, hybrid composite materials, fabrication techniques 3D/4D printing, allow customization to meet demands specific HMI applications. Further, discuss diverse classes polymers contribute conductivity, including conducting, natural, synthetic, polymers, emphasizing role enhancing electrical performance adaptability. In addition material examine regulatory landscape governing hydrogel-based biointerfaces applications, addressing considerations clinical translation commercialization. An analysis patent insights into emerging trends shaping future technologies human–machine interactions. The also covers range neural interfaces, soft haptic systems, where play transformative Thereafter, addresses challenges face issues related stability, scalability, while perspectives continued evolution technologies.

Language: Английский

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Survey of Sustainable Wearable Strain Sensors Enabled by Biopolymers and Conductive Organic Polymers

Gels, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 11(4), P. 235 - 235

Published: March 24, 2025

The field of wearable sensors has evolved with operating devices capable measuring biomechanics and biometrics, detecting speech. transduction, being the conversion biosignal to a measurable quantifiable electrical signal, is governed by conductive organic polymer. Meanwhile, conformality skin substrate quintessential. Both polymer must work in concert reversibly deform user’s movements for motion tracking. While polydimethylsiloxane shows mechanical compliance as sensor substrate, it environmental interest replace sustainable degradable alternatives. As both bulk weight area consist using renewable biodegradable materials its preparation would be an important step toward improving lifecycle sensors. This review highlights resistive that are prepared from naturally occurring polymers biodegradable. Conductive polythiophenes also presented, well how they integrated into biopolymer showing skin. highlighted because structural conformality, conductivity, processability, ensuring fulfils requirements use without adversely affecting overall sustainability biodegradability Different their performance compared conventional illustrate successful integration biosourced comprising desired elasticity sensitivity movement. current state-of-the-art along knowledge biopolymers different fields can leveraged rational design next generation potentially composted after use.

Language: Английский

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Tissue-Adhesive and Biocompatible Zein-Polyaniline-Based Hydrogels for Mechanoresponsive Energy-Harvesting Applications

Gels, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 11(5), P. 307 - 307

Published: April 22, 2025

Flexible, biocompatible, and adhesive materials are vital for wearable strain sensors in bioelectronics. This study presents zein-polyaniline (ZPANI) hydrogels with mechanoresponsive energy-harvesting properties. SEM revealed a sheet-like fibrous morphology, enhancing adhesion. Incorporating 0.5 wt% polyaniline (PANI) introduced nanostructured aggregates, while higher PANI concentrations (3–5 wt%) formed intertwined networks, improving the mechanical integrity, surface area, conductivity. enhanced electrical conductivity, displayed excellent swelling behavior, ensuring flexibility strong tissue Biocompatibility was validated through fibroblast cell culture assays, properties were tested on substrates, such as porcine skin, steel, aluminum, demonstrating versatile The adhesion strength of to skin greatly an increasing amount PANI. maximum found be 30.1 ± 2.1 kPa ZPANI-5.0. Mechanical testing showed trade-off between tensile decreased from 13.4 (ZPANI-0) 7.1 (ZPANI-5.0), compressive declined 18.5 1.6 kPa, indicating increased brittleness. A rheological analysis tolerance (>500% strain) content. storage modulus (G′) remained stable up 100% PANI-free but collapsed beyond 450% strain, PANI-containing exhibited improved viscoelasticity. robust voltage output signals under compression within 20 s response time. Despite reduced strength, tests power density 0.12 nW cm−2, charge 0.71 nJ, energy 1.4 pWh cm−2. synergy piezoelectric response, bioadhesion, tunable viscoelasticity establishes ZPANI promising candidates applications. Optimizing content is crucial balancing stability, adhesion, performance, long-term bioelectronic functionality.

Language: Английский

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A Low-Cost Hydrogel Electrode for Multifunctional Sensing: Strain, Temperature, and Electrophysiology

Biosensors, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(3), P. 177 - 177

Published: March 11, 2025

With the rapid development of wearable technology, multifunctional sensors have demonstrated immense application potential. However, limitations traditional rigid materials restrict flexibility and widespread adoption such sensors. Hydrogels, as flexible materials, provide an effective solution to this challenge due their excellent stretchability, biocompatibility, adaptability. This study developed a sensor based on composite hydrogel polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sodium alginate (SA), using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) conductive material achieve detection strain, temperature, physiological signals. The features simple fabrication process, low cost, impedance. Experimental results show that prepared exhibits outstanding mechanical properties conductivity, with strength 118.8 kPa, elongation 334%, conductivity 256 mS/m. In strain sensing, demonstrates response minor strains (4%), high sensitivity (gauge factors 0.39 for 0–120% 0.73 120–200% ranges), short time (2.2 s), hysteresis, cyclic stability (over 500 cycles). For temperature achieves sensitivities −27.43 Ω/K (resistance mode) 0.729 mV/K (voltage mode), along stable performance across varying ranges. Furthermore, has been successfully applied monitor human motion (e.g., finger bending, wrist movement) signals electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), electroencephalogram (EEG), highlighting its significant potential in health monitoring. By employing efficient method, presents high-performance sensor, offering novel insights technical support advancement devices.

Language: Английский

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Design and application of a polyacrylamide-grafted gelatin/biochar/Fe3O4 magnetic coagulant for microcystin-LR and turbidity co-removal: A case study with Yangtze River water

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 143349 - 143349

Published: April 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Design Strategies of PEDOT:PSS-Based Conductive Hydrogels and Their Applications in Health Monitoring

Polymers, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(9), P. 1192 - 1192

Published: April 27, 2025

Conductive hydrogels, particularly those incorporating poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), have revolutionized wearable health monitoring by merging tissue-like softness with robust electronic functionality. This review systematically explores design strategies for PEDOT:PSS-based focusing on advanced gelation methods, including polymer crosslinking, ionic interactions, and light-induced polymerization, to engineer hierarchical networks that balance conductivity mechanical adaptability. Cutting-edge fabrication techniques such as electrochemical patterning, additive manufacturing, laser-assisted processing further enable precise microstructural control, enhancing interfacial compatibility biological systems. The applications of these hydrogels in sensors are highlighted through their capabilities real-time deformation tracking, dynamic tissue microenvironment analysis, high-resolution electrophysiological signal acquisition. Environmental stability long-term durability critical ensuring reliable operation under physiological conditions mitigating performance degradation caused fatigue, oxidation, or biofouling. By addressing challenges environmental durability, PEDOT:PSS demonstrate transformative potential personalized healthcare, where unique combination softness, biocompatibility, tunable electro-mechanical properties enables seamless integration human tissues continuous, patient-specific monitoring. These systems offer scalable solutions multi-modal diagnostics, empowering tailored therapeutic interventions chronic disease management. concludes insights into future directions, emphasizing the intelligent responsiveness energy autonomy advance next-generation bioelectronic interfaces.

Language: Английский

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Highly sensitive and multifunctional Fe3+ enhanced PVA/gelatin multi-network hydrogels with wide temperature range environmental stability for wearable sensors

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 311, P. 143606 - 143606

Published: April 28, 2025

Language: Английский

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Morphological and Spectroscopic Characterization of Multifunctional Self-Healing Systems

Polymers, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(10), P. 1294 - 1294

Published: May 8, 2025

Multifunctional self-healing supramolecular structural toughened resins, formulated to counteract the insulating properties of epoxy polymers and integrating auto-repair mechanisms, are morphologically spectroscopically characterized using Tunneling Atomic Force Microscopy (TUNA) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), respectively. Specifically, multifunctional resin comprises molecular fillers electrically conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) embedded in matrix. The selected molecules can form non-covalent bonds with hydroxyl (OH) carbonyl (C=O) groups matrix through their H-bonding donor acceptor sites. An FT-IR analysis has been conducted evaluate interactions that barbiturate acid derivatives, serving as fillers, constituent parts blend. highlights morphological characteristics CNTs, dispersion within polymeric matrix, affinity for globular rubber domains. TUNA technique maps samples’ electrical conductivity at micro- nanoscale spatial Detecting currents reveals networks, determined by hydrogen bonds, samples, showcasing features sample containing an nanofiller hosting

Language: Английский

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