Estimation of differential occupational risk of COVID‐19 by comparing risk factors with case data by occupational group

American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 64(1), P. 39 - 47

Published: Nov. 18, 2020

The disease burden of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is not uniform across occupations. Although healthcare workers are well-known to be at increased risk, data for other occupations lacking. In lieu this, models have been used forecast occupational risk using various predictors, but no model heretofore has from actual case numbers. This study assesses the differential COVID-19 by occupation predictors Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database and correlating them with counts published Washington State Department Health identify in individual highest infection.The O*NET was screened potential occupation. Case delineated group were obtained public sources. Prevalence estimated correlated build a regression predict greatest risk.Two variables correlate prevalence: exposure (r = 0.66; p 0.001) physical proximity 0.64; 0.002), 47.5% prevalence variance (p 0.003) on multiple linear analysis. healthcare, particularly dental, many nonhealthcare also vulnerable.Models can vulnerable COVID-19, predictions tempered methodological limitations. Comprehensive states must collected adequately guide implementation occupation-specific interventions battle against COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Occupation and COVID-19 mortality in England: a national linked data study of 14.3 million adults

Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 79(7), P. 433 - 441

Published: Dec. 27, 2021

Objectives To estimate occupational differences in COVID-19 mortality and test whether these are confounded by factors such as regional differences, ethnicity education or due to non-workplace factors, deprivation prepandemic health. Methods Using a cohort study of over 14 million people aged 40–64 years living England, we analysed death involving COVID-19, assessed between 24 January 2020 28 December 2020. We estimated age-standardised rates (ASMRs) per 100 000 person-years at risk stratified sex occupation. the effect occupation on using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for confounding factors. further interpreted residual effects being workplace exposures SARS-CoV-2. Results In men, ASMRs were highest among those working taxi cab drivers chauffeurs 119.7 deaths (95% CI 98.0 141.4), followed other elementary occupations 106.5 (84.5 132.4) care workers home carers 99.2 (74.5 129.4). Adjusting strongly attenuated HRs many occupations, but remained elevated risk. conditions reduced HRs, no longer excess For most mediators than exposure SARS-CoV-2 explained 70%–80% age-adjusted differences. Conclusions Working play role mortality, particularly contact with patients public. However, there is also substantial contribution from

Language: Английский

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Occupational differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection: analysis of the UK ONS COVID-19 infection survey

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 76(10), P. 841 - 846

Published: July 11, 2022

Concern remains about how occupational SARS-CoV-2 risk has evolved during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to ascertain occupations with greatest of infection and explore relative differences varied over

Language: Английский

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Occupation and SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among 108 960 workers during the first pandemic wave in Germany

Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 48(6), P. 446 - 456

Published: June 7, 2022

The aim of this study was to identify the occupational risk for a SARS-CoV-2 infection in nationwide sample German workers during first wave COVID-19 pandemic (1 February-31 August 2020).We used data 108 960 who participated COVID follow-up survey National Cohort (NAKO). Occupational characteristics were derived from Classification Occupations 2010 (Klassifikation der Berufe 2010). PCR-confirmed infections assessed self-reports. Incidence rates (IR) and incidence rate ratios (IRR) estimated using robust Poisson regression, adjusted person-time at risk, age, sex, migration background, center, working hours, employment relationship.The IR 3.7 per 1000 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.3-4.1]. differed by sector, with highest observed personal (IR 4.8, 95% CI 4.0-5.6) business administration 3.4, 2.8-3.9) services lowest occupations related production goods 2.0, 1.5-2.6). Infections more frequent among essential compared non-essential (IRR 1.95, 1.59-2.40) highly skilled professions 1.36, 1.07-1.72).The results emphasize higher risks personal-related services, especially healthcare sector. Additionally, we found evidence that common status positions beginning pandemic.

Language: Английский

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Differential Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Occupation: Evidence from the Virus Watch prospective cohort study in England and Wales

Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 18(1)

Published: April 3, 2023

Abstract Background Workers across different occupations vary in their risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the direct contribution occupation to this relationship is unclear. This study aimed investigate how infection differed occupational groups England and Wales up April 2022, after adjustment for potential confounding stratification by pandemic phase. Methods Data from 15,190 employed/self-employed participants Virus Watch prospective cohort were used generate ratios virologically- or serologically-confirmed using robust Poisson regression, adjusting socio-demographic health-related factors non-work public activities. We calculated attributable fractions (AF) amongst exposed belonging each group based on adjusted (aRR). Results Increased was seen nurses (aRR = 1.44, 1.25–1.65; AF 30%, 20–39%), doctors 1.33, 1.08–1.65; 25%, 7–39%), carers (1.45, 1.19–1.76; 31%, 16–43%), primary school teachers 1.67, 1.42- 1.96; 40%, 30–49%), secondary 1.48, 1.26–1.72; 32%, 21–42%), teaching support 1.42, 1.23–1.64; 29%, 18–39%) compared office-based professional occupations. Differential apparent earlier phases (Feb 2020—May 2021) attenuated later (June—October most groups, although workers demonstrated persistently elevated waves. Conclusions Occupational differences over time are socio-demographic, health-related, non-workplace activity-related confounders. Direct investigation into workplace underlying these change needed inform health interventions.

Language: Английский

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Adaptive hybrid ANFIS-PSO and ANFIS-GA approach for occupational risk prediction

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 15

Published: Jan. 20, 2025

This study attempted to optimize the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and a genetic algorithm (GA) for calculating occupational risk. Numerous studies have shown that ANFIS is good approach predicting engineering problems. However, it not well investigated in area of risk assessment. The proposed techniques were evaluated various statistical indices, i.e., mean absolute error (MAE) root square (rmse), characterize their performance. To test prediction performance technique, comparison with three well-known machine learning approaches, artificial neural network (ANN), logistic regression (LR) support vector (SVM), was conducted. obtained results indicate ANFIS-PSO achieved better both training testing phases. Furthermore, comparative analysis showed model competitive suitable prediction.

Language: Английский

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Occupations and their impact on the spreading of COVID-19 in urban communities

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Aug. 18, 2022

Abstract The current pandemic has disproportionally affected the workforce. To improve our understanding of role that occupations play in transmission COVID-19, we analyse real-world network data were collected Bucharest between August 1st and October 31st 2020. record sex, age, occupation 6895 patients 13,272 people they have interacted with, thus providing a social from an urban setting through which COVID-19 spread. Quite remarkably, find medical no significant effect on spread virus. Instead, common chains to start with infected individuals who hold jobs private sector are connected non-active alters, such as spouses, siblings, or elderly relatives. We use relational hyperevent models assess most likely homophily effects community transmission. detect respect age anti-homophily sex employability. note that, although additional would be welcomed perform more in-depth analyses, findings may help public authorities better target under-performing vaccination campaigns.

Language: Английский

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Occupation, work-related contact and SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid serological status: findings from the Virus Watch prospective cohort study

Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 79(11), P. 729 - 735

Published: April 21, 2022

Objectives Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection varies across occupations; however, investigation into factors underlying differential risk is limited. We aimed to estimate the total effect occupation on serological status, whether this mediated by workplace close contact, and how exposure poorly ventilated workplaces varied occupations. Methods used data from a subcohort (n=3775) adults in UK-based Virus Watch cohort study who were tested for anti-nucleocapsid antibodies (indicating natural infection). logistic decomposition investigate relationship between occupation, contact seropositivity, regression workplaces. Results Seropositivity was 17.1% among workers with daily vs 10.0% those no work-related contact. Compared other professional occupations, healthcare, indoor trade/process/plant, leisure/personal service, transport/mobile machine had elevated adjusted odds seropositivity (1.80 (1.03 3.14) − 2.46 (1.82 3.33)). Work-related accounted variable part increased occupations (1.04 (1.01 1.08) 1.23 (1.09 1.40)). Occupations raised after accounting also greater Conclusions appears contribute occupational variation seropositivity. Reducing an important COVID-19 control measure.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 Risk by Workers’ Occupation and Industry in the United States, 2020‒2021

American Journal of Public Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 113(6), P. 647 - 656

Published: April 13, 2023

Objectives. To assess the risk of COVID-19 by occupation and industry in United States. Methods. Using 2020-2021 National Health Interview Survey, we estimated having had a diagnosis workers' occupation, with without adjustment for confounders. We also examined period prevalence number workers household. Results. Relative to other industries occupations, those "health care social assistance" (adjusted ratio = 1.23; 95% confidence interval 1.11, 1.37), or occupations practitioners technical," support," "protective services" elevated risks COVID-19. However, compared nonworkers, 12 21 11 23 (e.g., manufacturing, food preparation, sales) were at risk. rose each additional worker Conclusions. Workers several public-facing roles adults households multiple Public Implications. Stronger workplace protections, paid sick leave, better health access might mitigate working families' from this future pandemics. (Am J Health. 2023;113(6):647-656. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307249).

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 Pandemic

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 63(4), P. e245 - e249

Published: Jan. 28, 2021

Since the start of COVID-19 global pandemic more than 200 countries and territories have experienced devastating public health, social, economic effects. Among those falling ill in large numbers United States are workers occupations or industries deemed "essential," critical to maintaining services society during pandemic. While definitions vary, "essential workers" typically include health care, food agriculture, manufacturing, emergency response, transportation.1 Essential whose work cannot be done from home, who close proximity others (increasing risk exposure) also tend lower incomes.2,3 Some groups essential at increased COVID-19.4 As well, African American Latinx communities been particularly hard hit by coronavirus, with a disproportionate number infections deaths.5–8 Black, Native American, Hispanic/Latinx likely person incomes compared white workers.2 Immigrant native-born workers.9 One study reported racial/ethnic disparities job characteristics such as inability home safety, utility, care.10 disproportionately represented grocery,11 meatpacking,12 transit,13 which seen widespread workplace outbreaks COVID-19. In this paper, we examine two issues that impact on magnitude severity Covid-19 epidemic among workers—those work-related factors increase likelihood exposure SARS-CoV-2 infection (differential workers, including being an worker, impacting vulnerability) illness. Stressful working14 low-income living conditions15 comorbid conditions, cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes, well impaired immune function, all severe illness if exposed SARS-CoV-2.16–18 Figure 1 provides model overlapping intersectional relationships between helps explain exposure, infection, outcomes race-ethnicity socioeconomic status (SES).FIGURE 1: Socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, working severity. Note: "Differential exposure" refers greater workers", color people experiencing conditions. vulnerability" (resulting conditions) severity, individual is infected SARS-CoV-2.Factors Impacting Likelihood Exposure Infection Workers characterized several features infection. away (eg, warehouse first responders) brings them contact grocery store service workers), their coworkers indoor environments may not properly ventilated meatpackers) nor where social distancing possible. This increases these SARS-CoV-2.19 Other care bus drivers, come into public; drivers protected (especially they only cloth masks) quarters crowded buses,13 while often inadequate personal protective equipment (PPE), face-to-face patients thus resulting higher rates workers.13,20 Additional race ethnicity. Americans for contracting hospitalization fatality.5–7,10 due, part, disadvantages discrimination rate reduce access quality care.15,17 addition, employed in-person (in-person—work usual opposed remotely) close-contact jobs.2 For example, twice other animal slaughtering processing (locations major outbreaks).19 Racial/ethnic SES disparities, result poorer live densely populated areas crowding exposure,5 households must others, least generations adults.2 Factors Severity occurs coronaviruses acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Middle East (MERS-CoV), can lead distress consequence viral pneumonia. Epithelial cells tract express angiotensin- converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) surface appear predominant entry virus tissues. The ACE2 part renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) homeostasis cardiorespiratory system. SARS-Co-V2, appears interrupt RAAS pathway downregulate leading dysfunction lung damage. uncontrolled has shown provoke atypical response triggering cytokine storm pro-inflammatory cytokines chemokines tumor necrosing factor-a, interleukin-1b, interleukin-6 overproduced causing multi-organ damage.21,22 It causes coagulation abnormalities, clotting thromboembolic events, pulmonary embolism. Recent studies susceptibility outcome strongly associated preexisting CVD relationship bidirectional.23 promote damage, myocardial injury, arrhythmias, coronary heart disease, venous thrombosis. therefore postulated directly influence infect different muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, endothelial pericytes independent issues, failure.24–26 pre-existence conditions enhance ability take root further damage We suggest chronic stressors, psychosocial interact related sequalae. Stress body's neural endocrine responses, process named "allostasis."27 Another effect stress function suppression over time. Elevation cortisol natural hormonal stress, initially anti-inflammatory. However, activation resistance accumulation hormones production compromises response.28 Over past 40 years, research identified contribute illnesses, burnout, depression, anxiety,29 elevated blood pressure (hypertension), CVD.14 Workplace high psychological demands combined low worker control (known "job strain") elevate "allostatic load."30 Low levels coworker supervisor support created demands.31 stressor (ERI effort-reward imbalance) imbalance employee efforts rewards efforts.32 Overall, addition strain ERI, there substantial (more 12) documented stressful organizational climate, harassment, inflexible scheduling, insecurity, long hours, work-life conflict contributing disease.33–35 heightened conditions.24,36,37 Bus elevations work. Chronic caused will cause dysregulation system, latent viruses. adults, positive associations stressors inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP). High CRP, indicator risk, infection.21,22,38,39 caregivers experience longer healing time wounds due lymphocyte accumulation, production, antibody after vaccinations.25,40 Work affect individuals cumulatively throughout lives developing substantially age, stressors.41 Also, weakens regulate both physical decreases. suggests older adults difficulty terminating stress.42,43 At cellular level, some linked shortened telomere length adults. telomeres poverty,44,45 is, shorter telomeres. Furthermore, accelerated aging significantly increasing manifest symptoms.46 unhealthy behaviors promoted (lack activity, eating, alcohol drug use, lack adequate sleep) development diseases, aging, lowered immunity level.47 event up 40% above-mentioned not.33,48 second event49,50 returning facing same all. matter fact, recurrent 65% employees strain" factors.26,51,52 suffered off illnesses. How continue current requires investigation. Racial ethnic exposures since jobs others,2 stress-related Social contacts non-household members transmission susceptible individuals, less effective neighborhoods. Many multi-generational households, family virus. These face dilemma continuing potentially exposing household.2 Prevention examination but comorbidities disruption. Stressors During Pandemic pays median wages2 average prevalence stressors. pandemic, it clear various (and perhaps most occupations) threat requiring constant vigilance avoid adoption new demanding behavioral norms, mask wearing, distancing, isolation additional effects mental health.23 Job insecurity compelling especially precarious workers. either lost jobs, afraid losing fear infected, and/or transmitting members.53,54 struggles manage work-life/family balance workplace, managing children's online education, having childcare, trying learn skills technology communication. become pandemic.55,56 were previously struggling now vulnerability. An proportion young reporting suicidal ideation many burnout.16,57 Increasing opioid fatalities pandemic.58 Moreover, consumption, eating poorly, exercising less, way coping infection.17 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS bringing closer already when disruption possibly step protecting protect becoming place, imperative still addressed adequately Providing masks, improved ventilation, practicing going Fortunately, state occupational agencies implementing environment regulations provide enforceable protections.59 safety changes needed make possible themselves practice homes communities. earn incomes, little paid sick leave, security able follow recommendations, quarantining pandemic.5,7 unable quarantine get could jeopardize income, care. constraints spread workplaces Examples meatpacking farm outbreaks, reluctant tested stay because wage loss, encouraged management even symptomatic.60,61 would benefit policies leave fair workers' compensation benefits. Needed, importantly, protocols safe without penalty loss ill. Congress passed Family's First Coronavirus Act CARES employers pay extended employees, does apply 500 employees. know rights means providing families.62 A successfully COVID-19, absence definitive medical treatment vaccine, address its culture, Occupational predate epidemic, color, larger percentage highest deaths, made vulnerable preexistence puts category10 serious exposure. Reducing presence eliminating causes. Doing so CVD, future pandemics. Finally, underscores deep inequities country existed before highlighted. Addressing paramount. Of course, long-standing inequalities need remedied move ahead. What right healthy work, affordable wages, treated dignity respect. stands now, compelled go ill, contributes epidemic.

Language: Английский

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