Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries

Chemical Society Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 52(23), P. 8194 - 8244

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Unlike conventional recycling methods that focus on 'extraction', direct aims for 'repair', which necessitates selecting and designing a strategy based the failure mechanisms of spent lithium ion battery materials.

Language: Английский

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Toward Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Next-Generation Recycling Method

Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 124(5), P. 2839 - 2887

Published: March 1, 2024

The popularity of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has led to the drastically increasing consumption lithium-ion batteries recently, raising concerns about disposal recycling spent batteries. However, rate worldwide at present is extremely low. Many factors limit promotion battery rate: outdated technology most critical one. Existing metallurgy-based methods rely on continuous decomposition extraction steps with high-temperature roasting/acid leaching processes many chemical reagents. These are tedious worse economic feasibility, products mostly alloys or salts, which can only be used as precursors. To simplify process improve benefits, novel in urgent demand, direct recycling/regeneration therefore proposed a next-generation method. Herein, comprehensive review origin, current status, prospect provided. We have systematically analyzed summarized their limitations, pointing out necessity developing methods. A detailed analysis for discussions advantages, obstacles conducted. Guidance future toward large-scale industrialization well green efficient systems also

Language: Английский

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Degradation Mechanisms of Electrodes Promotes Direct Regeneration of Spent Li‐Ion Batteries: A Review

Advanced Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 36(23)

Published: March 27, 2024

Abstract The rapid growth of electric vehicle use is expected to cause a significant environmental problem in the next few years due large number spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Recycling LIBs will not only alleviate problems but also address challenge limited natural resources shortages. While several hydro‐ and pyrometallurgical processes are developed for recycling different components batteries, direct regeneration presents clear environmental, economic advantages. principle approach restoring electrochemical performance by healing defective structure materials. Thus, development technology largely depends on formation mechanism defects LIBs. This review systematically details degradation mechanisms types found diverse cathode materials, graphite anodes, current collectors during battery's lifecycle. Building this understanding, principles methodologies directly rejuvenating materials within outlined. Also main challenges solutions large‐scale proposed. Furthermore, aims pave way discarded offering theoretical foundation practical guidance.

Language: Английский

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Self‐Reconstruction of Highly Degraded LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ toward Stable Single‐Crystalline Cathode

Advanced Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 36(5)

Published: Oct. 20, 2023

Abstract The ever‐growing demand for resources sustainability has promoted the recycle of spent lithium‐ion batteries to a strategic position. Direct outperforms either hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical approaches due high added value and facile treatment processes. However, traditional direct recycling technologies are only applicable Ni‐poor/middle cathodes. Herein, Ni‐rich LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn O 2 (S‐NCM) performance‐enhanced single‐crystalline cathode materials is directly recycled using simple but effective LiOH‐NaCl molten salt. evolution process Li‐supplement grain‐recrystallization during regeneration systematically investigated, successful recovery highly degraded microstructure comprehensively proven, including significant elimination Ni 2+ vacancies. Beneficial from favorable reconstructed particles, regenerated NCM (R‐NCM) represents remarkably enhanced structural stability, electrochemical activity, cracks suppression charge/discharge, thus achieving excellent performances in long‐term cycling high‐rate tests. As result, R‐NCM maintains 86.5% reversible capacity at 1 C after 200 cycles. Instructively, present salt can be successfully applied NCMs with various Li compositions (e.g., 0.5 0.2 0.3 ).

Language: Английский

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Subtractive transformation of cathode materials in spent Li-ion batteries to a low-cobalt 5 V-class cathode material

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Feb. 5, 2024

Abstract Adding extra raw materials for direct recycling or upcycling is prospective battery recycling, but overlooks subtracting specific components beforehand can facilitate the to a self-sufficient mode of sustainable production. Here, subtractive transformation strategy degraded LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 and LiMn 4 5 V-class disordered spinel 1.5 -like cathode material proposed. Equal amounts Ni from are selectively extracted, remaining transition metals directly converted into 0.4 0.1 (CO 3 ) precursor preparing with in-situ doping. The improved conductivity bond strength delivers high-rate (10 C 20 C) high-temperature (60 °C) cycling stability. This no input be generalized practical black mass reduces dependence current production on rare elements, showing potential spent next-generation Li-ion industry.

Language: Английский

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Direct recycling of spent cathode material at ambient conditions via spontaneous lithiation

Nature Sustainability, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 7(10), P. 1283 - 1293

Published: Aug. 20, 2024

Language: Английский

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Non–closed–loop recycling strategies for spent lithium–ion batteries: Current status and future prospects

Energy storage materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 67, P. 103288 - 103288

Published: Feb. 21, 2024

Language: Английский

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A review of direct recycling methods for spent lithium-ion batteries

Energy storage materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 70, P. 103475 - 103475

Published: May 17, 2024

Language: Английский

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Triple-function eutectic solvent additive for high performance lithium metal batteries

Science Bulletin, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 69(11), P. 1686 - 1696

Published: Feb. 9, 2024

Language: Английский

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Manipulating Local Chemistry and Coherent Structures for High-Rate and Long-Life Sodium-Ion Battery Cathodes

ACS Nano, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 18(20), P. 13150 - 13163

Published: May 10, 2024

Layered sodium transition-metal (TM) oxides generally suffer from severe capacity decay and poor rate performance during cycling, especially at a high state of charge (SoC). Herein, an insight into failure mechanisms within high-voltage layered cathodes is unveiled, while two-in-one tactic localization coherent structures devised to improve structural integrity Na+ transport kinetics, elucidated by density functional theory calculations. Elevated Jahn–Teller [Mn3+O6] concentration on the particle surface sodiation, coupled with intense interlayer repulsion adverse oxygen instability, leads irreversible damage near-surface structure, as demonstrated X-ray absorption spectroscopy in situ characterization techniques. It further validated that skeleton substantially strengthened through electronic structure modulation surrounding oxygen. Furthermore, optimized diffusion effectively attainable via regulating intergrown structures, successfully achieved Zn2+ inducer. Greatly, good redox reversibility initial Coulombic efficiency 92.6%, impressive capability (86.5 mAh g–1 70.4% retention 10C), enhanced cycling stability (71.6% after 300 cycles 5C) are exhibited P2/O3 biphasic cathode. believed profound comprehension will herald fresh perspectives develop cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

Language: Английский

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