Area-based conservation in the twenty-first century

Nature, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 586(7828), P. 217 - 227

Published: Oct. 7, 2020

Humanity will soon define a new era for nature—one that seeks to transform decades of underwhelming responses the global biodiversity crisis. Area-based conservation efforts, which include both protected areas and other effective area-based measures, are likely extend diversify. However, persistent shortfalls in ecological representation management effectiveness diminish potential role stemming loss. Here we show how expansion by national governments since 2010 has had limited success increasing coverage across different elements (ecoregions, 12,056 threatened species, 'Key Biodiversity Areas' wilderness areas) ecosystem services (productive fisheries, carbon on land sea). To be more successful after 2020, must contribute effectively meeting goals—ranging from preventing extinctions retaining most-intact ecosystems—and better collaborate with many Indigenous peoples, community groups private initiatives central biodiversity. The long-term requires parties Convention Biological Diversity secure adequate financing, plan climate change make far stronger part land, water sea policies. conservation—including measures—after 2020 depend securing funding prioritizing management.

Language: Английский

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Coral‐bleaching responses to climate change across biological scales

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 28(14), P. 4229 - 4250

Published: April 27, 2022

Abstract The global impacts of climate change are evident in every marine ecosystem. On coral reefs, mass bleaching and mortality have emerged as ubiquitous responses to ocean warming, yet one the greatest challenges this epiphenomenon is linking information across scientific disciplines spatial temporal scales. Here we review some seminal recent coral‐bleaching discoveries from an ecological, physiological, molecular perspective. We also evaluate which data processes can improve predictive models provide a conceptual framework that integrates measurements biological Taking integrative approach scales, using for example hierarchical estimate major coral‐reef processes, will not only rapidly advance science but necessary guide decision‐making conservation efforts. To conserve encourage implementing mesoscale sanctuaries (thousands km 2 ) transcend national boundaries. Such networks protected reefs reef connectivity, through larval dispersal transverse thermal environments, genotypic repositories may become essential units selection environmentally diverse locations. Together, multinational be best chance corals persist change, while humanity struggles reduce emissions greenhouse gases net zero.

Language: Английский

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Demystifying ecological connectivity for actionable spatial conservation planning

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 37(12), P. 1079 - 1091

Published: Sept. 28, 2022

There is a disconnect between global high-level conservation goals and on-the-ground actions such as maintaining ecosystem services or persistence local planning of protected areas.Dynamic processes ecological connectivity underpin species resilience but are difficult to represent in mathematical spatial problems for areas.Quantitative SMART (specific – measurable action-oriented realistic time-bound) objectives can provide link regional design implementation functionally connected area networks.With current gaps commitments increasing climate change threats, there tremendous opportunity use quantifiable vehicle future-proof networks help achieve goals. Connectivity underpins the life; it needs inform biodiversity decisions. Yet, when prioritising areas developing actions, not being operationalised planning. The challenge translation flows associated with into that lead actions. nebulous, be abstract mean different things people, making include problems. Here, we show how included mathematically defining objectives. We path forward linking goals, species’ persistence. propose ways management gain benefit from connectivity. In world dwindling natural resources human pressures, aim ensure habitats persist future. Most notably, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) SDG14 (life below water) SDG15 on land), Convention Biological Diversity’s (CBD) post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework halt loss services. A dominant mechanism these will through area-based [1.Pressey R.L. et al.The mismeasure conservation.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2021; 36: 808-821Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar, 2.Garibaldi L.A. al.Working landscapes need at least 20% native habitat.Conserv. Lett. 14e12773Crossref (109) 3.Nicholson E. al.Scientific foundations an goal, milestones indicators framework.Nat. 5: 1338-1349Crossref (42) Scholar], specific achieving protection ‘well-connected systems’. (see Glossary) populations, species, communities, ecosystems, thus play pivotal role strategies (e.g., [4.Wood S.L.R. al.Missing interactions: state multispecies analysis.Front. 2022; 10830822Crossref (7) 5.Magris R.A. al.Biologically representative well-connected marine reserves enhance planning.Conserv. 2018; 11e12439Crossref (71) 6.Riginos C. Beger M. Incorporating genetic measures adaptation corals.in: van Oppen Aranda Lastra M.I. Coral Reef Conservation Restoration ‘Omics’ Age. Springer, 2022Crossref Scholar]). conceptual advancements tools quantitatively integrate across land, freshwater, systems still developed [5.Magris Scholar,7.Tulloch V.J.D. al.Minimizing cross-realm threats land-use change: national-scale framework connecting freshwater systems.Biol. Conserv. 254108954Crossref (13) 8.Hermoso V. al.Conservation realms: enhancing multi-realm species.J. Appl. 58: 644-654Crossref (10) 9.Daigle R. al.Operationalizing Marxan Connect.Methods 2020; 11: 570-579Crossref (52) 10.Heino J. al.Integrating dispersal proxies environmental research realm.Environ. Rev. 2017; 25: 334-349Crossref (81) Scholar]), only implemented fraction existing [11.Balbar A.C. Metaxas A. application areas.Global 2019; 17e00569PubMed Scholar,12.Ward al.Just ten percent terrestrial network structurally via intact land.Nat. Commun. 4563Crossref (87) Scholar]. this opinion article, define flow energy, materials, organisms space. At level, includes adult propagule dispersal, movement migration, interactions, ontogenetic linkages. Flow dynamic, variable, often spatially unconstrained (Box 1), generating considerable formulating both suitable metrics useful traditional approaches [9.Daigle Scholar,13.Keeley A.T.H. al.Connectivity monitoring.Biol. 255109008Crossref (41) Scholar,14.Jafari N. al.Achieving full sites multiperiod reserve problem.Comput. Oper. Res. 81: 119-127Crossref (16) variable characteristics scale have led diverse characterisations conservation, ranging wetland linkages amphibians [15.Heard G.W. al.Refugia sustain amphibian metapopulations afflicted by disease.Ecol. 2015; 18: 853-863Crossref (65) Scholar] recent exchange among populations [16.Xuereb al.Individual-based eco-evolutionary models understanding changing seas.Proc. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 288: 20212006PubMed (Table 1). Assessments estate highlight shortfalls capturing dynamic processes, connectivity, where 9.7% land [12.Ward two thirds critical animals conserved [17.Brennan al.Functional world’s areas.Science. 376: 1101-1104Crossref (35) 17% free-flowing rivers [18.Opperman J.J. al.Safeguarding rivers: extent areas.Sustainability. 13: 2805Crossref 90.5% less than 5% their ranges [19.Klein C.J. al.Shortfalls representing biodiversity.Sci. Rep. 17539Crossref (112) This gap because broad translate quantitative objectives, data measure acquire, no scientific consensus appropriate assess retention improvement [13.Keeley especially multiple Scholar].Box 1Types scales hinder its estimationA key hurdle including spatial–temporal complexity. directionality, constraint, vary physical process, properties environment, flowing entity (Figure I). These occur any medium river, ocean, air) metres continents, hemispheres, ocean basins. Ensuing may manifested relevant over time hours centuries even longer (as case evolutionary scales). Many either symmetrical along animal migration corridors) asymmetrical ontogeny, seed larva dispersal). variability measurements each case.Directed involve single, direction II). constrained, relatively low lateral variation upstream downstream salmon transport leaf litter,movement corridors, annual bird migrations continents basins). Directed high. result moving entity, example spread invasive/range-expanding coast boundary current, turtle foraging spawning grounds, ungulate seasonal feeding grounds.In diffuse flows, proceeds number directions, originate single source during oil spill, nesting aggregation) sources introductions non-native species) III). They also constrained clear corridors pathways detrital valleys basins, within particular ambit, invasive disease bounded habitat) possible propagules dispersed wind current.Figure IIDirected has easier conceptualise.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure IIIDiffuse mixed strength extremely estimate.View (PPT)Table 1Connectivity value-laden concept. Selected contexts potential audiences applying concepts planningType connectivityDefinition/examplesReference definitionExample user groupLand–sea connectivityFlows sediment pollutants sea, rivers, sea[70.Suárez-Castro A.F. al.Global forest restoration opportunities foster coral reef conservation.Glob. Chang. 27: 5238-5252Crossref (12) Scholar]Ecologist, scientist, engineerOntogenetic connectivityMovement individuals occurring part life cycles (metres thousands km), e.g., amphibians[15.Heard Scholar,48.Kot C.Y. al.Network analysis sea movements connectivity: tool prioritization.Divers. Distrib. 28: 810-829Crossref (8) park managerCorridorsDistinct habitant patches linked facilitated. Disruption occurs due fragmentation[36.Keeley al.Thirty years planning: assessment factors influencing plan implementation.Environ. 14103001Crossref (55) Scholar]Environmental wildlife biologist, manager, tourism operatorPathogen dispersalAirborne fungal spores (regional continental scale, 50–5000 km)[46.Meyer al.Quantifying airborne routes pathogens safeguard wheat supply.Nat. Plants. 3: 780-786Crossref Scholar]EpidemiologistPollutant advection diffusionTransport sewage water)[54.Chaturvedi S.K. al.An spill detection using Sentinel 1 SAR-C images.J. Ocean Eng. 116-135Crossref (40) Scholar]Engineer, geophysicistDispersal connectivityThe juveniles distinct habitat patches. Scale highly dependent species[55.Hüssy K. al.Trace element patterns otoliths: biomineralization.Rev. Fish. Aquacult. 29: 445-477Crossref (79) Scholar,57.Lett al.Converging modeling air sea.Ecol. Model. 415108858Crossref (5) Scholar,58.Cecino G. Treml E.A. Local connections larval competency strongly influence metapopulation persistence.Ecol. 31e02302Crossref (6) Scholar,79.Harrison H.B. al.A portfolio effect stabilizes performance.Proc. Natl. Acad. U. S. 117: 25595Crossref (38) Scholar]Modeller, hydrodynamics engineer, oceanographer, ecologistMigrationThe scheduled individuals[47.Schuster al.Optimizing migratory cycle.Nat. 10: 1754Crossref (47) Scholar,83.Somveille general theory avian connectivity.Ecol. 24: 1848-1858Crossref Scholar]Wildlife ornithologist, operatorGenetic material nearby distant regions generations[16.Xuereb Scholar]Geneticist, ecologistTemporal connectivityLinkages shift time[51.Williams S.H. al.Incorporating optimal representation services.Conserv. 34: 934-942Crossref Scholar,84.Makino al.Spatio-temporal support high-latitude range expansion under change.Divers. 2014; 2014: 6-12Google Scholar]Climate ecologistEnergy flowTransport nutrients movement[39.Venarsky M.P. al.Spatial temporal fish community biomass energy throughout tropical river network.Freshw. 65: 1782-1792Crossref chemist Open table new tab case. grounds. (PPT) implementing explained fact concept broad, complex, means people times. many conceptualisations For example, manager Kenya most concerned enhances high-value, charismatic bring revenues experiences. By contrast, ecologist assisting Indo-Pacific value focus reefs aggregations [20.Beger priorities national policy.Nat. 6: 8208Crossref (99) climate-resilient [21.Beyer H. al.Risk-sensitive conserving rapid change.Conserv. 11e12587Crossref (122) As applied accounting perspectives stakeholders trade-offs, unified approach operationalise context One widely recognised, prioritised, historically forms which connect fragmented been impacted conversion Scholar,22.Hilty J.A. al.Corridor Ecology: Science Practice Conservation. Island Press, 2019Google Habitat fragmentation affects individuals, often, always [e.g., 23.Fahrig L. Ecological responses per se.Annu. Syst. 48: 1-23Crossref (598) reduces probabilities, mostly edge isolation effects [24.Fletcher R.J. al.Is good biodiversity?.Biol. 226: 9-15Crossref (326) interactions [25.Holyoak disturbance, seasonality, multi-year dynamics, dormancy Into dynamics metacommunities.Front. 8571130Crossref (18) However, corridor whilst important, addresses form structural serve few focal miss important unknown barriers [26.Merenlender A.M. al.Ecological species?.Theyra. 45-55Google ignore essential attributes needed retain functional matter energy. preserving [27.D'Aloia C.C. al.Coupled permanent change.Front. 7: 27Crossref (48) 28.Tittensor D.P. ocean.Sci. Adv. eaay9969Crossref (101) 29.Dunn D.C. importance policy.Proc. 286: 20191472PubMed plans lacking Scholar,18.Opperman Despite challenges, component CBD’s government policies targets. Spatial targets features prominently ongoing discussions. Our challenges facing ‘connectivity’ policy ambition become integrated deliver networks. recognise much progress made academic incorporating [8.Hermoso Scholar,30.Magris planning.Biol. 170: 207-221Crossref (138) 31.Andrello al.Additive supply fished areas.Divers. 21: 139-150Crossref (64) 32.Krueck N.C. MPA fisheries.Ecol. 925-941Crossref (70) 33.Dickson B.G. al.Circuit-theory applications science conservation.Conserv. 33: 239-249Crossref (178) transferability uptake methods real-world remains limited given explorations decision-makers ground social–economic considerations, equity, political realities) [34.Virtanen al.Marine analogues realm.Landsc. 35: 1021-1034Crossref (14) consequence, integration decisions practitioners fully realised though particularly addressing livelihoods [28.Tittensor overview organisms, achievement With examples, illustrate Planning protection, restoration, harvesting) long-term relates foundational principle adequacy Scholar,35.Kukkala A.S. Moilanen Core prioritisation systematic 2013; 88: 443-464Crossref (267) ensures coverage intensity enough maintain adaptive structured communities so they Scholar,36.Keeley Scholar,37.Jetz W. al.Include targets.Nat. 123-126Crossref Achieving requires continued integrity biological [38.Edelsparre A.H. al.Habitat determined strategy.Ecol. 8: 5508-5514Crossref (15) [39.Venarsky Scholar,40.Benkwitt C.E. al.Seabird nutrient subsidies alter algal abundance following bleaching event.Glob. 2619-2632Crossref (36) Flows carbon) subsidies) ecosystems achieved [41.Alberti complexity urban dynamics.Bioscience. 70: 772-793Crossref (58) Scholar,42.Olds A.D. seascape synthesis.Glob. Biogeogr. 2016; 3-15Crossref (107) genes amongst promoting diversity [6.Riginos Ree

Language: Английский

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Meeting fisheries, ecosystem function, and biodiversity goals in a human-dominated world

Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 368(6488), P. 307 - 311

Published: April 16, 2020

The worldwide decline of coral reefs necessitates targeting management solutions that can sustain and the livelihoods people who depend on them. However, little is known about context in which different reef tools help to achieve multiple social ecological goals. Because nonlinearities likelihood achieving combined fisheries, function, biodiversity goals along a gradient human pressure, relatively small changes implemented could have substantial impacts whether these are likely be met. Critically, provide conservation benefits most for fisheries but not goals, given their degraded state levels pressure they face.

Language: Английский

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Operationalizing ecological connectivity in spatial conservation planning with Marxan Connect

Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11(4), P. 570 - 579

Published: Feb. 11, 2020

Abstract Globally, protected areas are being established to protect biodiversity and promote ecosystem resilience. The typical spatial conservation planning process leading the creation of these focuses on representation replication ecological features, often using decision support tools such as Marxan. Yet, despite important role connectivity has in metapopulation persistence resilience, Marxan currently requires manual input or specialized scripts explicitly consider connectivity. ‘Marxan Connect’ is a new open source, access Graphical User Interface (GUI) tool designed assist planners with appropriate use data area network planning. Connect can facilitate estimates demographic (e.g. derived from animal tracking data, dispersal models, genetic tools) structural landscape isolation by resistance). This accomplished calculating metapopulation‐relevant metrics eigenvector centrality) treating those features including dependency amongst sites prioritization process. allows wide group users incorporate directional into solutions provided Connect, combined ecologically relevant post‐hoc testing, more likely persistent resilient metapopulations fish stocks) provide better protection for biodiversity.

Language: Английский

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Biologically representative and well‐connected marine reserves enhance biodiversity persistence in conservation planning

Conservation Letters, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 11(4)

Published: Jan. 17, 2018

Abstract Current methods in conservation planning for promoting the persistence of biodiversity typically focus on either representing species geographic distributions or maintaining connectivity between reserves, but rarely both, and take a focal species, rather than multispecies, approach. Here, we link prioritization with population models to explore impact integrating both representation into persistence. Using data 288 Mediterranean fish varying requirements, show that: (1) considering objectives provides best strategy enhanced (2) were fundamental enhancing small‐ranged which are most need conservation, while objective benefited only wide‐ranging species. Our approach more comprehensive appraisal applications approaches focusing connectivity, will hopefully contribute build effective reserve networks biodiversity.

Language: Английский

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Evolving spatial conservation prioritization with intraspecific genetic data

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 37(6), P. 553 - 564

Published: April 18, 2022

Language: Английский

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Integrating climate adaptation and transboundary management: Guidelines for designing climate-smart marine protected areas

One Earth, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 6(11), P. 1523 - 1541

Published: Oct. 26, 2023

Climate change poses an urgent threat to biodiversity that demands societal responses. The magnitude of this challenge is reflected in recent international commitments protect 30% the planet by 2030 while adapting climate change. However, because global, interventions must transcend political boundaries. Here, using California Bight as a case study, we provide 21 biophysical guidelines for designing climate-smart transboundary marine protected area (MPA) networks and conduct analyses inform their application. We found future climates heatwaves could decrease ecological connectivity 50% hinder recovery vulnerable species MPAs. To buffer impacts change, MPA coverage should be expanded, focusing on protecting critical nodes network refugia, where might less severe. For shared ecoregions, these actions require coordination. Our work provides first comprehensive framework integrating resilience MPAs which will support other nations' aspirations.

Language: Английский

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Designing connected marine reserves in the face of global warming

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 24(2)

Published: Dec. 22, 2017

Abstract Marine reserves are widely used to protect species important for conservation and fisheries help maintain ecological processes that sustain their populations, including recruitment dispersal. Achieving these goals requires well‐connected networks of marine maximize larval connectivity, thus allowing exchanges between populations recolonization after local disturbances. However, global warming can disrupt connectivity by shortening potential dispersal pathways through changes in physiology. These compromise the performance reserve networks, requiring adjusting design account ocean warming. To date, empirical approaches prioritization have not considered as affected Here, we develop a framework designing integrates graph theory due reductions planktonic duration ( PLD ) associated with warming, given current socioeconomic constraints. Using Gulf California case study, assess benefits costs without We compare designed achieve representation ecosystems also under future ocean‐warming scenarios. Our results indicate could be reduced significantly because shortened s. Given show our graph‐theoretical approach based on centrality (eigenvector distance‐weighted fragmentation) habitat patches better‐connected equivalent costs. found maintaining incidentally representation‐only is unlikely, particularly regions strong asymmetric patterns connectivity. support previous studies suggesting that, would require more and/or larger closer proximity

Language: Английский

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Measuring progress in marine protection: A new set of metrics to evaluate the strength of marine protected area networks

Biological Conservation, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 219, P. 20 - 27

Published: Jan. 8, 2018

Language: Английский

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