Phylogenetic Insights into Diversification

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 55(1), P. 1 - 21

Published: June 17, 2024

Species diversification—the balance between speciation and extinction—is fundamental to our understanding of how species richness varies in space time throughout the Tree Life. Phylogenetic approaches provide insights into diversification by enabling support for alternative scenarios be compared extinction rates estimated. Here, we review current toolkit available conducting such analyses. We first highlight modeling efforts over past decade have fostered a notable transition from overly simplistic evolutionary more nuanced why vary through across lineages. Using latitudinal diversity gradient as case study, then illustrate impact that choices can on results obtained. Finally, recent progress two areas are still lagging behind: phylogenetic microbial process.

Language: Английский

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Speciation completion rates have limited impact on macroevolutionary diversification

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 380(1919)

Published: Feb. 13, 2025

Standard birth–death (BD) processes used in macroevolutionary studies assume instantaneous speciation, an unrealistic premise that limits the interpretation of speciation and extinction rates. The protracted (PBD) model instead assumes involves two steps: initiation completion. In order to understand their respective influence on rates, we compute a standard time-varying BD scenario is ‘equivalent’ PBD terms probabilities. First, find sharp decline equivalent birth rate near present, indicating rates estimated at tips phylogenies may not accurately reflect underlying process. Second, completion controls timing decay rather than asymptotic past scales with rate, scaling factor depending mostly population rate. Our results suggest formation often play larger role speed accumulation reproductive isolation modulating study establishes theoretical framework for understanding how microevolutionary combine explain diversification species time scales. This article part theme issue ‘“A mathematical theory evolution”: phylogenetic models dating back 100 years’.

Language: Английский

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Speciation rates are unrelated to the formation of population structure in Malagasy gemsnakes

Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(8)

Published: July 28, 2023

Speciation rates vary substantially across the tree of life. These should be linked to rate at which population structure forms if a continuum between micro and macroevolutionary patterns exists. Previous studies examining link speciation degree formation in clades have been shown either correlated or uncorrelated depending on group, but no study has yet examined relationship young group that is constrained spatially single-island system. We examine this correlation 109 gemsnakes (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) endemic Madagascar originating early Miocene, helps control for extinction variation time space. find over space 33 species gemsnakes. Rates show low variation, varies widely species, indicating are disconnected. suspect largely due persistence some lineages not susceptible extinction. Importantly, we discuss how delimiting populations versus may contribute problems understanding shallow deep evolutionary processes.

Language: Английский

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Variable success in linking micro and macroevolution

Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 3(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Abstract Attempts to predict macroevolution from microevolution, and microevolution macroevolution, when natural selection is the main cause have met with varying success. Explanations for failure are numerous, but reasons uncertain even a link found. Here, I discuss possible explanations outcomes of three efforts ways test them. First, quantitative genetic variation within populations often predicts directions species divergence surprising accuracy. Natural probably contributes this pattern, evidence suggests that long-term phenotypic evolution influenced by enduring biases. Second, rate reproductive isolation repeatedly fails diversification rates unknown reasons. Suspicion falls on influence ecological population demographic processes might play dominant role in net accumulation species, an idea as yet little tested. Third, macroevolutionary patterns distribution phenotypes clades can principle coefficients diverging populations. use concept adaptive landscape suggest why signal divergent strongest at time splitting information about phylogenetic methods remains long run. Estimating landscapes first principles would facilitate further macroevolution.

Language: Английский

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A theoretical framework linking the birth-death and protracted birth-death models, with implications for the phylogenetic analysis of diversification

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 3, 2024

Abstract Standard birth-death processes used in macroevolutionary studies assume instantaneous speciation, an unrealistic premise that limits the interpretation of speciation and extinction rates. The protracted (PBD) model instead assumes involves two steps: initiation completion. In order to understand their respective influence on rates, we compute a standard time-varying scenario is “equivalent” PBD terms probabilities. First, find sharp decline equivalent birth rate near present, indicating rates estimated at tips phylogenies may not accurately reflect underlying process. Second, completion controls timing decay rather than asymptotic past scales with rate, scaling factor depending mostly population rate. Our results suggest formation often play larger role speed accumulation reproductive isolation modulating study establishes theoretical framework for understanding how microevolutionary combine explain diversification species time scales.

Language: Английский

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Evolutionary lability of sexual selection and its implications for speciation and macroevolution

The American Naturalist, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 000 - 000

Published: Dec. 17, 2024

AbstractSexual selection is widely hypothesized to facilitate speciation and phenotypic evolution, but evidence from comparative studies has been mixed. Many previous have relied on proxy variables quantify the intensity of sexual selection, raising possibility that inconclusive results may reflect, in part, imperfect measurement this evolutionary process. Here, we test relationship between phylogenetic rates indices opportunity for drawn populations 82 vertebrate taxa. These provide a much more direct assessment than traits allow straightforward comparisons among distantly related clades. We find no correlation rate, result consistent across many complementary analyses. In addition, used variables-sexual dimorphism dichromatism-are not correlated with employed here. Moreover, low signal intraspecific variability species approaches range variation observed all vertebrates as whole. Our potentially reconcile major paradox biology at interface microevolution macroevolution: can be important speciation, yet lability process over deeper timescales restricts its impact broad-scale patterns biodiversity.

Language: Английский

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Discerning structure versus speciation in phylogeographic analysis of Seepage Salamanders (Desmognathus aeneus) using demography, environment, geography, and phenotype

Molecular Ecology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 33(2)

Published: Nov. 28, 2023

Abstract Numerous mechanisms can drive speciation, including isolation by adaptation, distance, and environment. These forces promote genetic phenotypic differentiation of local populations, the formation phylogeographic lineages, ultimately, completed speciation. However, conceptually similar may also result in stabilizing rather than diversifying selection, leading to lineage integration long‐term persistence population structure within genetically cohesive species. Processes that maintenance geographic diversity while facilitating high rates migration limiting thereby is not accompanied reproductive isolation. We suggest this framework be applied more broadly address classic dilemma “structure” versus “species” when evaluating diversity, unifying genetics, species delimitation, underlying study demonstrate one such instance Seepage Salamander ( Desmognathus aeneus ) from southeastern United States. Recent studies estimated up 6.3% mitochondrial divergence four phylogenomic lineages with broad admixture across hybrid zones, which could potentially represent distinct supported our species‐delimitation analyses. limited dispersal promotes substantial microhabitat specificity appears yield selection on a single, uniform, ecologically mediated phenotype. As result, climatic cycles recurrent contact between repeated instances through time. Subsequent hybridization apparently counteracted adaptive introgression, leaving single unified deeply divergent nonetheless do appear incipient

Language: Английский

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Discerning structure versus speciation in phylogeographic analysis of Seepage Salamanders (Desmognathus aeneus) using demography, environment, geography, and phenotype

Authorea (Authorea), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Aug. 7, 2023

Numerous mechanisms drive ecological speciation, including isolation by adaptation, barrier, distance, environment, hierarchy, and resistance. These promote genetic phenotypic differentiation of local populations, formation phylogeographic lineages, ultimately, completed speciation via reinforcement. In contrast, it is possible that similar might lead to lineage cohesion through stabilizing rather than diversifying ecomorphological selection the long-term persistence population structure within species. Processes maintenance geographic diversity while facilitating high rates migration limiting divergence may thereby result in not accompanied towards reproductive isolation. We suggest this framework can be applied more broadly address classic dilemma “structure versus speciation” when evaluating diversity, unifying genetics, species delimitation, underlying study speciation. demonstrate one such instance Seepage Salamander (Desmognathus aeneus) from southeastern United States. Recent studies estimated up 6.3% mitochondrial 4 phylogenomic lineages with broad admixture across hybrid zones, which could potentially represent distinct However, limited dispersal promotes substantial extreme microhabitat specificity appears yield on ecologically mediated phenotypes. As a result, climatic cycles recurrent contact between are adaptively differentiated therefore experience repeated bouts introgression time. This leads unified, single deeply divergent nonetheless do appear incipient

Language: Английский

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Comparative Population Genomic Diversity and Differentiation in Trapdoor Spiders and Relatives (Araneae, Mygalomorphae)

Molecular Ecology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 33(22)

Published: Oct. 8, 2024

Although patterns of population genomic variation are well-studied in animals, there remains room for studies that focus on non-model taxa with unique biologies. Here we characterise and attempt to explain such mygalomorph spiders, which generally sedentary, often occur as spatially clustered demes show remarkable longevity. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data were collected 500 individuals across a phylogenetically representative sample taxa. We inferred genetic populations within focal using informed clustering approach, characterised diversity differentiation within- among these populations, respectively. Using phylogenetic comparative methods asked whether geographical range sizes ecomorphological variables (behavioural niche body size) significantly differentiation. Specifically, predicted higher larger ranges, small-bodied also greater taxa, burrowing recovered several significant predictors diversity, but not However, found high all consistent signal isolation-by-distance irrespective behavioural or size. hypothesise structuring, likely reflecting combined dispersal limitation microhabitat specificity, is shared trait mygalomorphs. Few have ubiquitous structuring an entire ancient species-rich animal clade.

Language: Английский

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The Metapopulation Bridge to Macroevolutionary Speciation Rates: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Test

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 28(1)

Published: Dec. 31, 2024

ABSTRACT Whether large‐scale variation in lineage diversification rates can be predicted by species properties at the population level is a key unresolved question interface between micro‐ and macroevolution. All else being equal, with biological attributes that confer metapopulation stability should persist more often timescales relevant to speciation so give rise new (incipient) forms share these traits. Here, we develop framework for testing relationship related persistence phylogenetic rates. We illustrate this conceptual approach applying it long‐term dataset on demersal fish communities from North American continental shelf region. find one index of has signal, suggesting traits are connected range‐wide demographic patterns. However, there no rate. These findings suggest decoupling ecological dynamics decadal million‐year clade dynamics, raising questions about extent which population‐level processes observable over extrapolated infer biodiversity generally.

Language: Английский

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