Supergene origin and maintenance in Atlantic cod

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 6(4), P. 469 - 481

Published: Feb. 17, 2022

Abstract Supergenes are sets of genes that inherited as a single marker and encode complex phenotypes through their joint action. They identified in an increasing number organisms, yet origins evolution remain enigmatic. In Atlantic cod, four megabase-scale supergenes have been linked to migratory lifestyle environmental adaptations. Here we investigate the origin maintenance these analysis whole-genome-sequencing data, including new long-read-based genome assembly for non-migratory cod individual. We corroborate finding chromosomal inversions underlie all supergenes, show they originated at different times between 0.40 1.66 million years ago. reveal gene flux supergene haplotypes where stationary co-occur conclude this is driven by conversion, on basis increase GC content exchanged sites. Additionally, find evidence double crossover haplotypes, leading exchange ~275 kilobase fragment with potentially involved adaptation low salinity Baltic Sea. Our results suggest can be maintained over long timescales same way hybridizing species, selective purging introduced genetic variation.

Language: Английский

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How chromosomal inversions reorient the evolutionary process

Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 36(12), P. 1761 - 1782

Published: Nov. 9, 2023

Abstract Inversions are structural mutations that reverse the sequence of a chromosome segment and reduce effective rate recombination in heterozygous state. They play major role adaptation, as well other evolutionary processes such speciation. Although inversions have been studied since 1920s, they remain difficult to investigate because reduced conferred by them strengthens effects drift hitchhiking, which turn can obscure signatures selection. Nonetheless, numerous found be under Given recent advances population genetic theory empirical study, here we review how different mechanisms selection affect evolution inversions. A key difference between mutations, single nucleotide variants, is fitness an inversion may affected larger number frequently interacting processes. This considerably complicates analysis causes underlying We discuss extent these disentangled, approach. often roles adaptation speciation, but direct their obscured characteristic makes so unique (reduced arrangements). In this review, examine impact evolution, weaving together both theoretical studies. emphasize most patterns overdetermined (i.e. caused multiple processes), highlight new technologies provide path forward towards disentangling mechanisms.

Language: Английский

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Copy number variants outperform SNPs to reveal genotype–temperature association in a marine species

Molecular Ecology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 29(24), P. 4765 - 4782

Published: Aug. 17, 2020

Abstract Copy number variants (CNVs) are a major component of genotypic and phenotypic variation in genomes. To date, our knowledge evolution has largely been acquired by means single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) analyses. Until recently, the adaptive role structural (SVs) particularly that CNVs overlooked wild populations, partly due to their challenging identification. Here, we document usefulness Rapture, derived reduced‐representation shotgun sequencing approach, detect investigate copy alongside SNPs American lobster ( Homarus americanus ) populations. We conducted comparative study examine potential local adaptation 1,141 lobsters from 21 sampling sites within southern Gulf St. Lawrence, which experiences highest yearly thermal variance Canadian marine coastal waters. Our results demonstrated account for higher genetic differentiation than SNP markers. Contrary SNPs, no significant genetic–environment association was found, 48 CNV candidates were significantly associated with annual sea surface temperature, leading clustering locations despite geographic separation. Altogether, provide strong empirical case putatively contribute species unveil stronger spatial signal population structure SNPs. provides nonmodel highlights importance considering enhance understanding ecological evolutionary processes shaping structure.

Language: Английский

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Footprints of local adaptation span hundreds of linked genes in the Atlantic silverside genome

Evolution Letters, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 4(5), P. 430 - 443

Published: Aug. 27, 2020

The study of local adaptation in the presence ongoing gene flow is natural selection action, revealing functional genetic diversity most relevant to contemporary pressures. In addition individual genes, genome-wide architecture can itself evolve enable adaptation. Distributed across a steep thermal gradient along east coast North America, Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) exhibit an extraordinary degree suite traits, and capacity for rapid from standing variation, but we know little about patterns genomic variation species range that this remarkable adaptability. Here, use low-coverage, whole-transcriptome sequencing sampled environmental cline show marked signatures divergent neutral differentiation. 1371 km southern section its distribution have very low differentiation (median FST = 0.006 1.9 million variants), consistent with historical connectivity observations recent migrants. Yet almost 14,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are nearly fixed (FST > 0.95) alternate alleles. Highly differentiated SNPs cluster into four tight linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks span hundreds genes several megabases. Variants these LD disproportionately nonsynonymous concentrated enriched multiple functions related known adaptations silversides, including lipid storage, metabolic rate, spawning behavior. Elevated levels absolute divergence demographic modeling suggest maintaining under flow. These findings represent extreme case heterogeneity genome, highlight how shapes continuous populations. Locally adapted alleles may be common features populations distributed gradients, will likely key conserving future responses change.

Language: Английский

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A Darwinian Laboratory of Multiple Contact Zones

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 35(11), P. 1021 - 1036

Published: Sept. 8, 2020

Barriers to gene flow are best studied where divergent populations in contact, and studies of single-taxon hybrid zones have generated important knowledge about the nature reproductive barriers.Marine environments, earlier considered host unstructured species due high connectivity, offer multispecies contact structured by simple physical gradients (e.g., salinity) ideal for comparative divergence speciation.Overlapping possibilities comparison barriers among various taxa, life histories, demographic backgrounds test role species-specific traits formation function barriers.Combining genome scans modelling, barrier regions can be located origin traced. With genetic maps, inversions that affect recombination rate (and hence flow) identified. between result (hybrid) zones. Locations multiple overlap used asking: what mechanisms maintain barriers; is variation involved; do differences history barriers? In a review 23 marine species' over postglacial salinity gradient, many showed steep clines supported selection and/or temporal or spatial segregation. Contacts were primary secondary shaped ancestral sometimes involving inversions. The dispersal potential seemed less shaping clines. Studies will increase our understanding speciation, but we need address taxonomic bias focus more on postzygotic isolation. Contact (see Glossary) laboratories taxa [1.Barton N.H. Hewitt G.M. Analysis zones.Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1985; 16: 113-148Crossref Scopus (2048) Google Scholar, 2.Hewitt Hybrid zones, natural evolutionary studies.Trends Evol. 1988; 3: 158-167Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed (612) 3.Abbot R.J. et al.Genomics hybridization its consequences.Mol. 2016; 25: 2325-2332Crossref (112) Scholar]. Genome-wide sequencing maps powered identification candidates loci investigations genomic landscape speciation [4.Wolf J.B.W. Ellegren H. Making sense islands differentiation light speciation.Nat. Genet. 2017; 18: 87-100Crossref (212) Divergence usually evolve either situ as different regimes acting side (primary contact) after already accumulated drift [5.Bierne N. al.The coupling hypothesis: why may fail map local adaptation genes.Mol. 2011; 20: 2044-2072Crossref (364) 6.Bierne geography introgression patchy environment thorn ecological speciation.Curr. Zool. 2013; 59: 72-86Crossref (97) 7.Ravinet M. al.Interpreting speciation: road finding flow.J. Biol. 30: 1450-1477Crossref (225) 8.Rougemont Q. Bernatchez L. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) across distribution range reconstructed from approximate Bayesian computations.Evolution. 2018; 72: 1261-1277Crossref (41) Scholar] (Box 1). both types central evolution maintenance Scholar,7.Ravinet Scholar,9.Faria R. al.Evolving inversions.Trends 2019; 34: 239-248Abstract (81) For example, roles selection, assortative mating (whether spatial, temporal, behavioural isolation), isolation caused intrinsic incompatibilities extrinsic against hybrids?Box 1Primary Secondary ContactA zone originates one two ways: (i) formed diverged during period prior contact; whereas (ii) when population expands an environmental transition under flow. Genomic patterns resulting hybridisation initially very [7.Ravinet Scholar], such difference haplotype structure. produce pattern characterised successively smaller 'pieces' original background haplotypes with increasing distance [87.Leitwein al.Using information conservation genomics.Trends 35: 245-258Abstract (35) This because repeated backcrossing breaks apart large introgressed pieces material (Figure I, 'young' contact). Primary contrast, emerge common occur sharing origin. (green brown loci/alleles Figure I) likely play key role: ancient adaptive remain while polymorphisms segregate selection. Over time, new (dark blue red I), mutations outside establish contribute barriers. form wherever isolated happen meet. However, neutral selected at first move until they become trapped density trough shift Scholar,5.Bierne shifts. Positions might sometime establishment modelling using nonadmixed can, however, help resolve their Also, components origin; instance, if standing evolved periods [85.Van Belleghem S.M. al.Evolution time frames: singular event fuel contemporary parallel evolution.PLoS 14e1007796Crossref (44) A single generate details involved give indication quantitative importance. Moreover, single-species cannot inform us invariable within life-history traits, traits). contacts same external conditions, allow assessments general importance origin, variation, architectures formation. They also enable investigate how dispersal, generation biology gene-flow barriers, prezygotic mechanisms. Multispecies (sometimes referred 'suture zones') present terrestrial [10.Hewitt Some consequences ice ages, speciation.Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 1996; 58: 247-276Crossref Scholar,11.Swenson N.G. Howard D.J. Clustering phylogeographic North America.Am. Nat. 2005; 166: 581-591Crossref (312) Scholar,12.Johannesson K. André C. Life margin - diversity loss peripheral ecosystem, Baltic Sea.Mol. 2006; 15: 2013-2029Crossref (289) 13.Patarnello T. al.Pillars Hercules: Atlantic–Mediterranean phylogeographical break?.Mol. 2007; 4426-4444Crossref (424) 14.DiBattista J.D. al.When biogeographical provinces collide: reef fishes crossroads Arabian Sea.J. Biogeogr. 2015; 42: 1601-1614Crossref (52) 15.Ding S. al.Characterization region inshore fish, Bostrychus sinensis, East China Sea.Heredity. 120: 51-62Crossref (10) 16.Stanley al.A climate-associated cryptic cline northwest Atlantic.Sci. Adv. 4eaaq0929Crossref (50) 17.El Ayari hidden major biogeographic boundary: wide mosaic divide reveals complex interaction mussels.Heredity. 122: 770-784Crossref (17) environments. Compiling recent data entrance Sea, here highlight questions approach address, support increased speciation. Sea (North-East Atlantic) brackish gradient steepest part Danish Straits 1, Key Figure). Importantly, low imposes strong physiological stress most organisms so this impacts heavily area. After 8000 years ago opening freshwater lake into Atlantic, was subsequently colonised subset living Sea. few these established along entire majority only outer [18.Ojaveer al.Status biodiversity Sea.PLoS One. 2010; 5e12467Crossref (207) Many show plasticity phenotypic [19.Kautsky al.Genotypic Mytilus edulis evaluated through reciprocal transplantations. 1. Growth morphology.Mar. Prog. Ser. 1990; 203-210Crossref 20.Wood H.L. al.Physiological presence isopod Idotea baltica (Pallas) Res. 2014; 85: 255-262Crossref (9) 21.Renborg E. al.Variable tolerance ascidian larvae primarily plastic response parental environment.Evol. 28: 561-572Crossref (21) 22.Johansson D. al.Reciprocal transplants plasticity-first scenario colonisation hyposaline basin macro alga.BMC 1714Crossref (11) Scholar]; addition, early had shown examples [23.Sick Haemoglobin polymorphism fishes.Nature. 1961; 192: 894-896Crossref (93) Scholar,24.Christiansen F.B. Frydenberg O. Geographical four Zoarces viviparus evidence selection.Genetics. 1974; 77: 765-770PubMed We scanned published describing Sea–Baltic retrieved useful species. These represent (15 five invertebrates, macroalgae, microalga) histories (Table exception, recently invaded bay barnacle (Balanus improvisus) [25.Wrange A.L. story hitchhiker: invasive Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus Darwin 1854.PLoS 11e0147082Crossref (16) all zone. species, separation population, European flounder (Platichthys spp.) there additional subdivision inside populations. Original descriptions indicated 16 22 roughly overlapped 1), fitting enough (14 species) shows coincides although some slightly shifted towards lower salinities 2). 12 available allowed formal analysis supports stepped segmented ten clam [Limecola (Macoma) balthica] tends linear rather than 1).Table 1Species Available Genetic Data Transect Samples Covering TransitionSpeciesCommon nameDispersal potentiala'High' denotes several week-long pelagic highly mobile adults giving 'Low' short larval (or zygote/spore) stage sessile adults.Genetic databFigure number SNPs not specified.FST zoneOutlier distributionSelection agencyFitted modelcThe change analysed each taxon separately three models, which then compared Akaike criterion (AIC): model, model [84], regression relationships (R package 'segmented' [105]), compatible distance, respectively.Type zoneInferred fromBarrier strength; mechanismdSuggested experimentally confirmed followed '?'. Note other mechanisms, yet investigated, add barriers.RefsGadus morhuaAtlantic codHigh1.2 million0.040Three inversionsSalinity, temperatureToo dataSecondaryPhylogenyStrong; separate spawning times, adaptation[42.Berg P.R. al.Adaptation promotes cod (Gadus morhua L.).Genome 7: 1644-1663Crossref (111) 43.Fairweather al.Range-wide synthesis Transatlantic vicariance cod.Ecol. 8: 12140-12152Crossref (4) 44.Weist P. al.Assessing SNP-markers study mixing cod.PLoS 14e0218127Crossref 45.Nissling A. Westin Salinity requirements successful Belt stock interactions Sea.Mar. 1997; 152: 261-271Crossref (108) 46.Barth J.M.I. al.Genome architecture enables despite connectivity.Mol. 26: 4452-4466Crossref (75) 47.Barth al.Disentangling structural behavioral sea 1394-1411Crossref (37) 48.Kirubakaran T.G. al.Two adjacent migratory stationary ecotypes cod.Mol. 2130-2143Crossref (109) Scholar,69.Andersen al.Haemoglobin oxygen binding properties populations.Proc. Sci. 2009; 276: 833-841Crossref (71) Scholar]Clupea harengusAtlantic herringHigh6 million0.030Haplotype blocks, inversionSalinity, temperatureStepped clinePrimaryDemographyWeak; adaptation?[38.Martinez Barrio basis herring revealed sequencing.Elife. 5e12081Crossref (99) Scholar,56.Pettersson M.E. chromosome-level assembly – detection supergene signals selection.Genome 29: 1919-1928Crossref (38) Scholar,90.Berg F. al.Genetic factors effect growth, vertebrae otolith shape (Clupea harengus).PLoS 13e0190995Crossref (30) Scholar]Platichthys flesusEuropean flounderHigh54720.005Few scatteredSalinity, temperatureSegmented clineSecondaryDemographyWeak; adaptation?[39.Le Moan al.Beyond evolution: colonize gradient.bioRxiv. (Published online June 6, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1101/662569)Google Scholar,73.Hemmer-Hansen al.Adaptive environment: Hsc70 flesus L.).Heredity. 99: 592-600Crossref (130) Scholar]P. flesus/Platichthys solemdaliBaltic flounderLow20510.025SalinityToo dataSecondaryDemographyStrong; habitats, adaptation[51.Momigliano al.Extraordinarily rapid fish.Proc. Natl. Acad. U. 114: 6074-6079Crossref (64) Scholar,52.Momigliano al.Platichthys solemdali sp. nov. (Actinopterygii, Pleuronectiformes): Sea.Front. Mar. 5: 225Crossref (22) Scholar]Scophthalmus maximusTurbotHigh33480.012Many scatteredSalinityStepped clinePrimaryDemographyModerate; unknown[31.Momigliano al.Biases process speciation.bioRxiv. 2020; 5, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.03.128298)Google Scholar]Pleuronectus platessaEuropean plaiceHigh66850.013Two inversionsSalinityToo dataPrimaryDemographyWeak; unknown[39.Le Scholar]Limanda limandaCommon dabHigh34680.008ClusteredSalinityStepped Scholar]Solea soleaCommon soleHigh37140.003Very fewToo dataPrimaryDemographyVery weak; unknown[40.Diopere al.Seascape genetics flatfish levels flow.ICES 75: 675-689Crossref (32) Scholar,41.Le al.Fine scale structure linked sole (Solea solea), fish capacity.bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/662619)Google Scholar]Ammodytes tobianusSmall sandeelHigh40390.041Salinity, clineStrong; times?[91.Christensen al.Sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) transport individual-based hydrodynamic egg model.Can. Fish. Aquat. 2008; 65: 1498-1511Crossref Scholar,92.Fietz al.Mind gut: insights gut microbial composition keystone species.Microbiome. 682Crossref Scholar]Hyperoplus lanceolatusGreater sandeelHigh43280.039Salinity, times?[92.Fietz Scholar,93.Lynam C.P. al.Spatial trends abundance sandeels Sea: 1950–2005.ICES 70: 540-553Crossref (18) Scholar]Symphodus melopsCorkwing wrasseLow50 1300.120Only spurious outliersStepped clineSecondaryDemographyStrong; trough[49.Mattingsdal al.Demographic history, adaptation, has strongly differentiated corkwing wrasse Northern Europe.Mol. 160-171Crossref Scholar]Labrus bergyltaBallan wrasseLow820.027Stepped clineModerate; trough[50.Seljestad G.W. cleaner break: geographic groups sympatric phenotypes ballan (Labrus bergylta).Ecol. 10: 6120-6135Crossref (6) Scholar]Pomatoschistus minutusSandgobyLow22 1900.020DistributedSalinity, turbidityToo dataSecondaryDemographyModerate; adaptation[94.Larmuseau M.H.D. al.To see seas: rhodopsin sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus).Mol. 4227-4239Crossref (47) Scholar,95.Leder E.H. al.Postglacial locally adapted gradient.J. 23, https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13668)Crossref Scholar]Gasterosterus aculeatusThree-spined sticklebackLow30 0000.015Enriched regionsSalinity, dataPrimaryDemographyModerate; adaptation[67.DeFaveri Merilä Local three-spined stickleback?.J. 27: 290-302Crossref Scholar,96.Guo B. al.Population sticklebacks.BMC 1319Crossref (83) Scholar]Salmo salarAtlantic salmonHigh50340.132Too areas[8.Rougemont Scholar,97.Nilsson al.Matrilinear phylogeography salar L.) Europe colonization area.Mol. 2001; 89-102Crossref (128) Scholar]Ciona intestinalisVase tunicateLow16530.180SalinityVertical (no test)SecondaryDemographyStrong; partly adaptation[53.Dybern B.I. Ciona intestinalis (L.) f. typica special reference waters around southern Scandinavia.Ophelia. 1967; 4: 207-226Crossref (40) Scholar,55.Hudson al.Secondary admixture genotypes amphiatlantic epibenthic invertebrate.Evol. Appl. 13: 600-612Crossref (12) Scholar]Idotea baltica'Isopod'Low33 7740.024SalinityLinear clineWeak; unknown[98.De Wit crustacean herbivore highlights considerations management.Evol. 974-990Crossref (8) Scholar]Balanus improvisusBay barnacleHighmtDNA, microsatellites0.011No outliersNo clineNo barriers[25.Wrange Scholar,99.Wrange al.

Language: Английский

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Stabilizing selection on Atlantic cod supergenes through a millennium of extensive exploitation

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 119(8)

Published: Feb. 14, 2022

Life on Earth has been characterized by recurring cycles of ecological stasis and disruption, relating biological eras to geological climatic transitions through the history our planet. Due increasing degree abruption caused human influences many advocate that we now have entered era Anthropocene, or "the age man." Considering ongoing mass extinction ecosystem reshuffling observed worldwide, a better understanding drivers will be requisite for identifying routes intervention mitigation. Ecosystem stability may rely one few keystone species, loss such species could potentially detrimental effects. The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) historically highly abundant is considered in ecosystems northern Ocean. Collapses stocks both sides reported effects include vast reshuffling. By whole-genome resequencing demonstrate stabilizing selection maintains three extensive "supergenes" cod, linking these genes persistence stasis. Genomic inference historic effective population sizes shows continued declines North Sea-Skagerrak-Kattegat system past millennia, consistent with an early onset marine Anthropocene industrialization commercialization fisheries throughout medieval period.

Language: Английский

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Inversions and parallel evolution

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 377(1856)

Published: June 13, 2022

Local adaptation leads to differences between populations within a species. In many systems, similar environmental contrasts occur repeatedly, sometimes driving parallel phenotypic evolution. Understanding the genomic basis of local and evolution is major goal evolutionary genomics. It now known that by preventing break-up favourable combinations alleles across multiple loci, genetic architectures reduce recombination, like chromosomal inversions, can make an important contribution adaptation. However, little about whether inversions also contribute disproportionately Our aim here highlight this knowledge gap, showcase existing studies, illustrate with without using simple models. We predict generating stronger effective selection, speed up adaptive process or enable where it would be impossible otherwise, but highly dependent on spatial setting. further empirical work needed, in particular cover broader taxonomic range understand relative importance compared regions inversions. This article part theme issue ‘Genomic architecture supergenes: causes consequences’.

Language: Английский

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Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the Blue Mussel Mytilus chilensis Reveals Molecular Signatures Facing the Marine Environment

Genes, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(4), P. 876 - 876

Published: April 7, 2023

The blue mussel Mytilus chilensis is an endemic and key socioeconomic species inhabiting the southern coast of Chile. This bivalve supports a booming aquaculture industry, which entirely relies on artificially collected seeds from natural beds that are translocated to diverse physical–chemical ocean farming conditions. Furthermore, production threatened by broad range microorganisms, pollution, environmental stressors eventually impact its survival growth. Herein, understanding genomic basis local adaption pivotal developing sustainable shellfish aquaculture. We present high-quality reference genome M. chilensis, first chromosome-level for Mytilidae member in South America. assembled size was 1.93 Gb, with contig N50 134 Mb. Through Hi-C proximity ligation, 11,868 contigs were clustered, ordered, into 14 chromosomes congruence karyological evidence. comprises 34,530 genes 4795 non-coding RNAs. A total 57% contains repetitive sequences predominancy LTR-retrotransposons unknown elements. Comparative analysis coruscus conducted, revealing genic rearrangements distributed whole genome. Notably, transposable Steamer-like elements associated horizontal transmissible cancer explored genomes, suggesting putative relationships at chromosome level Bivalvia. Genome expression also showing differences between two ecologically different populations. evidence suggests adaptation physiological plasticity can be analyzed develop production. provides molecular knowledge complex.

Language: Английский

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Consequences of Single-Locus and Tightly Linked Genomic Architectures for Evolutionary Responses to Environmental Change

Journal of Heredity, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 111(4), P. 319 - 332

Published: June 1, 2020

Genetic and genomic architectures of traits under selection are key factors influencing evolutionary responses. Yet, knowledge their impacts has been limited by a widespread assumption that most controlled unlinked polygenic architectures. Recent advances in genome sequencing eco-evolutionary modeling unlocking the potential for integrating information into predictions population responses to environmental change. Using simulations, we demonstrate hypothetical single-locus control life history trait produces highly variable unpredictable harvesting-induced evolution relative classically applied multilocus model. Single-locus complex is thought be uncommon, yet blocks linked genes, such as those associated with some types structural variation, have emerged taxonomically phenomena. Inheritance resembles single loci, thus enabling single-locus-like adaptation. number effect sizes, degree linkage among them all occur along continuum. We review how often associated, directly or indirectly, expected from anthropogenic stressors likely play large role adaptation disturbance. suggest using models explore extremes uncertainties when architecture unknown, refining parameters becomes available, explicitly incorporating loci possible. By overestimating complexity (e.g., independent loci) selection, risk underestimating nonlinearity) dynamics.

Language: Английский

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Modular chromosome rearrangements reveal parallel and nonparallel adaptation in a marine fish

Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10(2), P. 638 - 653

Published: Jan. 1, 2020

Abstract Genomic architecture and standing variation can play a key role in ecological adaptation contribute to the predictability of evolution. In Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ), four large chromosomal rearrangements have been associated with gradients migratory behavior regional analyses. However, degree parallelism, extent independent inheritance, functional distinctiveness these remain poorly understood. Here, we use 12K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array demonstrate extensive individual rearrangement genotype within populations across species range, suggesting that local fine‐scale is enabled by inheritance. Our results significant association migration phenotype environmental range. Individual exhibit modularity, but also contain loci showing multiple associations. Clustering genetic distance trees reduced differentiation range are consistent shared as source contemporary adaptive diversity cod. Conversely, find haplotypes LG12 LG1 rearranged region diverged Atlantic, despite Exchange structurally variable genomic regions, well selective pressures, has likely facilitated stocks. highlight importance enabling marine species.

Language: Английский

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