Spatio-temporal patterns of tigers in response to prey species and anthropogenic activities

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 292(2039)

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Understanding factors influencing the spatio-temporal patterns of apex predators is prerequisite for their conservation. We studied space use and diel activity tigers ( Panthera tigris ) in response to prey availability anthropogenic activities with trail cameras Nepal during December 2022–March 2023. used hierarchical occupancy models evaluate how (space species) (number humans livestock) contributed tigers’ use, while accounting landscape effects on detection probability. calculated overlap between each species, as well livestock. Overall, had relatively high (0.540 ± 0.092) probability (0.742 0.073), were most influenced by wild pig Sus scrofa ), gaur Bos gaurus number livestock detections. Tigers exhibited extensive temporal prey, but not or Our study demonstrates that can co-occur a altering potentially moving cryptically certain landscapes, provided adequate available. Management actions ensure benefit tiger

Language: Английский

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Factors influencing mammalian community occupancy in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal

Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(4)

Published: April 1, 2023

The decline in mammalian species diversity is increasing worldwide, with areas characterized by high human activities experiencing more prominent effects. Knowledge of spatial distributions and factors acting on them necessary for effective management. We evaluated community-level occupancy mammal Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve (DHR), Nepal using remote cameras during 15 March-15 June 2022. used detections from multispecies hierarchical modeling to assess the effects environmental anthropogenic variables detected species. identified a highly heterogeneous community at DHR greatest detection probability (0.21) red fox (Vulpes vulpes) lowest (0.08) blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur). Naïve ranged 0.31 giant-flying squirrel (Petaurista magnificus) 0.84 fox. Mammal increased canopy cover number livestock detections, but overall declined close settlements. findings this study can be developing policy management through reducing potential increase settlements or grazing.

Language: Английский

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Leopard occupancy correlates with tiger and prey occurrences in the Parsa‐Koshi Complex, Nepal

Journal of Zoology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Abstract Large carnivores such as leopards ( Panthera pardus ) experience continuing threats from habitat loss and fragmentation, depletion of prey populations, retaliatory killing following conflicts with humans. We aimed to identify factors affecting leopard occupancy temporal overlap between tigers P. tigris ), their major prey, human activities in the Parsa‐Koshi Complex (PKC), Nepal. deployed 154 cameras for 21 days each along wildlife trails throughout PKC during December 2022–March 2023. found low (0.17 ± 0.04) PKC, greater rates within protected areas, particularly Parsa National Park its buffer zone. Human (63.10 23) livestock (36.46 102) detections were higher across PKC. Leopard was positively associated presence prey. Temporal moderately high tigers, well Our research suggests that coexistence is likely largely facilitated by availability, which may reduce competition. Further, we demonstrate maintaining forest cohesion can improve leopards. Intensifying use agricultural areas could fragmentation increase overall, turn reducing depredation improving leopard‐human co‐existence conservation.

Language: Английский

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Ecological Insights From Camera Trapping Span Biological Taxa, and the Globe

Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Camera trap research has grown to encompass the globe, with applications in terrestrial, marine, and aquatic environments. Insights on plant, invertebrate, vertebrate communities are rapidly expanding our knowledge of ecological systems. A technological revolution was launched by advancements camera trapping (Kucera Barrett 2011; O'Connell, Nichols, Karanth 2011). "Trapping" an observation a species its environment at fixed place time allowed scientists sample widening range taxa ecosystems. With application appropriate sampling designs statistical models (Burton et al. 2015), have been able answer questions never before possible. Mammal ecologists were early adopters, taking advantage passive heat-in-motion detectors developed 2000s homeotherms (Finn 2005; Vercauteren, Smith, Stevenson 2005). The development larger memory cards long-lasting power enabled use repeated time-lapse photography for ectotherms vegetation, now insights derived from traps span biological hierarchies. In this special issue Ecology Evolution, we invited camera-trap papers around globe showcase depth breadth applications. We particularly aimed representation global south, which rich heretofore relatively untapped potential compared north (Steenweg 2017; Agha 2018; Fisher 2023; Mugerwa 2024). some great versatility scientific they offer (Figure 1). provide unique into species' behaviour, as allow observations without intrusive effects in-person observer (Caravaggi 2017, 2020). Research aspects such parental investment offspring care, can shed new light. Antarctic, Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) reproduction varies environmental factors, but also degree maternal building nests, limited resources (stones) (McLatchie revealed that occupying nests earlier, resulting earlier clutch initiation, associated high-quality increased reproductive success. Larger advantageous successful breeding, these more likely be created built Environmental factors mediated relationship, innovative study illustrates what emerge future combines behaviour heterogeneity. Behaviour is important part risk avoidance, many studies showing humans impose perceived mammals, even via non-consumptive activities recreation (Taylor Knight 2003; Larson 2016). British Columbia, Canada, Fennell (2023) examined spatiotemporal avoidance eight large mammals alpine protected area. They observed spatial co-occurrence between ungulates consistent human shield hypothesis (Berger 2007), not expected consequent segregation carnivores humans; instead, (and herbivores) temporally displaced recreationists (Fennell 2023). Scaling up (sensu Steenweg (2017)) landscape 10 landscapes across Canadian west, Granados conducted similar analysis. used hierarchical quantify influence (roads logging) ungulate carnivore site use. Across vast heterogeneous space, found support hypothesis, positive negative responses disturbance (Granados signal temporal ran contrary predictions, overlap people deer road density. Such macroecological studies—made possible networking arrays (Gallo 2019; Fidino 2021; Barnas 2024)–are revealing much about large-scale departures phenomena smaller scales. Territorial defence another behavioural mechanism minimised, sometimes means scent-marking. Previously, most scent-marking focused transmitting individual, receivers harder observe; filled gap. northern Botswana, latrines scent-marked African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) classify behaviours sniffing (less aggressive response) or overmarking (aggressive (Claase Wild exhibited "dear enemy" response competitors, less neighbours than strangers. This changed increasing size responding pack, switching strongly neighbour scent marks ("nasty hypothesis") Animals' activity pattern component illuminated traps, continuously through diel cycle (Frey 2017). Rhode Island, USA, Mayer multi-state occupancy-modelling framework informed data investigate how 14 mammal responded anthropogenic development. All respect magnitude season, illustrating plasticity trait, adaptation (Mayer body complexity species-human interactions their changing contexts, marked challenge coming century. One greatest strengths ability observe multiple syntopic simultaneously (Rovero Zimmermann 2016)–as opposed GPS collars, typically restricted one two species. Thus, community composition like before; being done regions previously rarely researched. Nepal, Regmi native occurrence forest cover livestock detections while declining proximity settlements. provided 15 studied species, including blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) giant flying squirrels (Petaurista magnificus) relationships diverse understudied region (Regmi South Africa, live uneasy coexistence, competing subject intraguild mortality. placed elephant (Loxodonta Africana) carcasses association shared peak periods black-backed jackals (Lupulella mesomelas) spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta), indicating resource sharing (Honiball Conversely, analysis showed lions (Panthera leo), suggesting latter dominates scavenging opportunities. Parsing apart dominance dynamics key area investigation facilitated Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, van den Bosch aardwolves (Proteles cristata) aardvarks (Orycteropus afer)—both nocturnal insectivores—to examine competitors. fact, multispecies occupancy modelling high evidence commensals: increase food accessibility (van Mozambique's Gorongosa Grabowski, Phillips, Gaynor (2024) explore patterns niche partitioning among mesocarnivores: large-spotted genet (Genetta maculata), civet (Civettictis civetta), honey badger (Mellivora capensis), marsh mongoose (Atilax paludinosus). Statistical analyses no and, indicated civets mongooses, competition syntopy different diets (Grabowski, Differing outcomes ecosystems reveal ways strategies affect coexistence. Many modern contain invasive major threat biodiversity (Rosenzweig 2001). Tianjin, China, Li generalised additive mixed see (Canis lupus familiaris Felis silvestris) three indigenous (Siberian weasels, Mustela sibirica; Amur hedgehogs Erinaceus amurensis, Tolai hares, Lepus tolai) densities along gradient urbanisation. Densities cats, urbanisation, green spaces urban areas predictors density (Li 2023)–a critical finding when growing (Seto Simkin 2022). urbanisation effect Australia Alting dingoes dingo). sought dispersion suggests concentrated should shrink home-range sizes. Both corroborated dingoes, subsidies (Alting 2024), repercussions Australian non-native diversity (Johnson, Isaac, 2007). Prior predator–prey ecology largely radiocollar predation rates predator prey (or both) observed. discern until capability bridged design how–for example–anthropogenic extraction affects predators space time. Boczulak deployed western Alberta, Canada wolves lupus) avoid features extraction, presumably due risk—unless occur those patches, point switch strong selection features. interaction novel availability understanding respond change (Boczulak cougars (Puma concolor) eastern Cougars positively only prey—particularly snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) (Gaston Invasive white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus) played discernible role, defying predictions difficult it extrapolate conclusions within same guild. Scavenging, case interactions, prime research, yield competition. northeastern Norway, Lacombe asymmetric Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) red vulpes) sites supplied carrion. tended occupied heterospecific, either clearly benefitting. Geographic variation rodent (prey) abundance affected dynamics, yielding delicate interplay potentially cold systems (Lacombe There inherent trapping, so threatened endangered Mortality always concern, moreover, catchability often declines rarity. non-invasive sampler rare United Kingdom (UK), Shannon, Valle, Shuttleworth monitor squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) populations, image-capture rate correlated well live-capture rate. identify characteristics greater inform conservation planning, crucial UK's deforested (Shannon, Climate generate wholesale changes distributions (Pereira, Navarro, Martins 2012), devoted adapt (Boutin Lane 2014). Among pelage primary variably snowy environments, arise whether phenological mismatches snow may occur. Stokes network mountain hare timidus) coat colour climatic gradients. Mountain higher latitudes altitudes retained winter white coats longer did lower altitudes. Moreover, coastal climates inland variable conditions (Stokes spans marine well, continuous video feed commonly "trap" (Willis, Millar, Babcock 2000; Whitmarsh, Fairweather, Huveneers Bulger, Volpe, 2019). Red Sea coral reef, Lilkendey feeding mechanics foraging energy expenditure herbivorous brown surgeonfish (Acanthurus nigrofuscus) yellowtail tang (Zebrasoma xanthurum). Here, "camera trapping" included remote underwater stereo processed AI-driven recognition, classification, 3D tracking. exerted grazing pressure reef spite low biomass. Brown specialist strategy, tangs generalist differentiation maintaining efficiency. combination assisting technologies showcases revolutionary biotic sensing environments (Lilkendey Exciting opportunities lay land-water interface. Sullivan, Rittenhouse, Vokoun cold-water patches riverine These refuges aggregators fish seeking thermal refuges, there become susceptible Avian mammalian pervasive concentrate (Sullivan, southern Mexico, Delgado-Martínez ephemeral water bodies birds seasonally dry tropical forests. surface pools tree holes recorded behaviour. Terrestrial preferentially bodies, whereas arboreal scansorial small medium common bodies; complementary sources thus facilitate gamma (Delgado-Martínez Finland, Holopainen artificial (with eggs) wetlands ground-nesting boreal ducks. Predation surrounded agricultural land forested land. Shoreline had further away contribute duck population Finland (Holopainen summary, work illuminates importance spanning interface, ripe discoveries. Homeothermic focus taxonomic camera-based inquiry expanded greatly frequent timelapse photos. plant phenology (Hofmeester 2020; Sun 2021) plant-insect (Naqvi 2022) very holds exciting potential. California, Simokat pollinator endemic Encinitas baccharis (Baccharis vanessae). focal compare efficacy methods. discovered attended insect groups. Focal underreported approximately half images too low-resolution visually Cameras benefit recording activity; however, dominated Lepidopterans (Simokat study, Gao ground-facing imagery soil-dwelling invertebrate China. quantifying Formicidae, Diplopoda, Gastropoda, Araneae, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Chilopoda, Oligochaeta. Like scale problems (Levin 1992), abundance, richness, all quite sensitive frame (shooting area), authors effective protocol (Gao As image resolution increases gets cheaper, sure accelerate near future. field nascent endeavour, having newly evolved natural philosophy biogeography parentage past It still developing coherent theoretical framework, suffers scale, middle-number problems, lack unified theories, general laws (Peters 1991; Levin 1992; Lawton 1999; Allen Starr Nonetheless, march on, daily inexorably accumulate. plays role discoveries fast world. networks researchers citizen pooling data, scaling local continental scope 2017) efforts Snapshot USA (Kays 2022), Canada's WildCAM 2023), Safari (Pardo 2021). will scales help us concepts system function. Evolution promote endeavours continuing publish highlight camera-trapping papers, adding virtual online. Jason T. Fisher: conceptualization (lead), project administration software visualization (supporting), writing – original draft review editing (lead). Thanks & editors-in-chief, Drs. Moore, Andrew Beckerman, Gareth Jenkins, especially Marcus Lashley Arley Muth, contributions revisions. thanks, associate editors reviewers who gave generously make peer-review process successful. Jeff Dixon illustrated Figure 1 under direction licence JTF. funded JTF work. author declares conflicts interest. nothing report.

Language: Английский

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Ecological and anthropogenic factors influencing mammal species distribution in Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary, Myanmar

Journal of Mountain Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 22(2), P. 575 - 591

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Factors Affecting the Occupancy of Gaur (Bos gaurus) During Winter Season in Parsa National Park, Nepal

Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(4)

Published: March 30, 2025

ABSTRACT Gaur ( Bos gaurus ) is a globally vulnerable species with decline of more than 80% their global distribution in the past 100 years. Understanding pattern and associated factors essential for developing effective conservation strategies. We examined effects forest area, human detections, presence tiger Panthera tigris ), competing like Asian elephant Elephas maximus sambar deer Rusa unicolor distance to water, on gaur occupancy Parsa National Park (PNP), Nepal, using camera traps which were deployed at 67 locations from December 2022 March 2023. used single season modeling estimate relationship selected covariates occupancy. recorded total 54 detections our study. found that had significant positive association water bodies was negatively area elephants; however, there no number humans detected, or tigers, deers. greater detection probabilities southcentral portions PNP, i.e., flat plains areas near Chure region lowest eastern western parts PNP. These findings highlight importance considering eco‐environmental management gaur, particularly human‐dominated landscapes. recommend further multi‐seasonal studies better understand dynamic interactions between environment, other species, inform

Language: Английский

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A Multi‐Species Occupancy Modelling Approach to Access the Impacts of Ecological Covariates on Terrestrial Vertebrates in a Tropical Hotspot in Central, Cameroon

African Journal of Ecology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 63(3)

Published: April 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Mammalian communities living in tropical forests, particularly those ecological transition zones, are under constant threat from human activities. In many regions, baseline data on mammal richness, occupancy, detection probability and the environmental factors that influence these metrics lacking. As a key metric for guiding conservation decisions, species richness can be underestimated due to varying probabilities, leading being overlooked. Advances technology methodology have revolutionised wildlife monitoring, fostering increase of multi‐species occupancy models (MSOMs) efficient studies community, shifting focus single entire communities. MSOMs, hierarchical share information across via random effects, address imperfect provide accurate unbiased estimates. To fill this gap, we used cameras trap Mpem Djim National Park, Central Cameroun. We generalised linear model selection approach evaluate affecting events. Similarly, MSOMs within Bayesian framework our initial estimate at each camera location understand covariates 19 vertebrates recorded area inform management decisions species. From 915 independent photographic events obtained over 1700 days capture, study results highlight importance habitat, distance river, normalised difference vegetation index topographic position (TPI) explaining patterns found forest (GLM: B 0.31, IRR 1.36, CI 0.14–0.48, p < 0.001), NDVI 0.21–0.41, 0.001) TPI 0.17, 1.19, 0.08–0.26, were positively associated with events, whereas river −0,19, 0.83, 0.0.27 (−0.11), was negatively However, mean community 0.33 ± 0.10 [2.5%–97.5% CI: 0.54], while 0.07 0.02 [2.5%–95% 0.04, 0.12], indicating that, average, approximately 33% sites likely occupied by interest, 7% sites. After accounting detection, maximum estimated 0.88 (2.5%–97.5% 0.71–0.98) 0.22 0.2 0.18–0.27) Philantomba monticola , respectively. Globally, responses close zero relatively weak, probably mixed level. Despite their weak effect, road ( β: −1.53 1.97 −1.72–5.62]) −0.09 −0.50–0.38]) had negative significant effect occupancy. there level Cephalophus nigrifrons example, exhibiting strong response NDVI. This contributes ecology Cameroon supports need future multi‐season surveys temporal area.

Language: Английский

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Occurrence and temporal overlap of sympatric jungle cats and leopard cats in Parsa‒Koshi Complex, Nepal

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Jan. 29, 2024

Abstract Co-occurrence and spatial temporal overlap of sympatric jungle leopard cats are influenced by habitat preferences, interspecific competition. Understanding these factors influence is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies. We conducted a camera survey in Parsa‒Koshi Complex (PKC), Nepal during December 2022–March 2023 to investigate influencing occupancy between ( Felis chaus ) Prionailurus bengalensis ). The mean detection probability t = 0.664, p 0.507) did not differ 0.500 ± 0.289) 0.501 0.288); however, 31.008, < 0.001) was greater ψ 0.247 0.020) than 0.178 0.019). Jungle were positively associated with large predators, human presence negatively canopy cover. observed high diel Dhat1 0.802, norm0CI: 0.720–0.884), both species largely nocturnal. Co-existence PKC appears be facilitated segregation. These findings provide valuable insights into the complex ecological dynamics interactions cats.

Language: Английский

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Factors affecting the occupancy of sloth bear and its detection probability in Parsa–Koshi Complex, Nepal

Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(10)

Published: Oct. 1, 2023

Abstract Understanding factors associated with coexistence of human and wildlife in human‐dominated landscapes is crucial for effective species conservation. Among the species, sloth bears Melursus ursinus are found both inside outside protected areas Nepal, increasing cases bear conflicts areas. This highlights necessity a comprehensive understanding anthropogenic ecological that affect occurrence bear. The these important its conservation through establishing management action plan. We studied bear's occupancy their environments other large predators Parsa–Koshi Complex Nepal using camera traps from December 2022 to March 2023. identified detection probability as 0.12 0.31, respectively. Our analysis reveals positive relationship between presence ( βpredators = 3.104 ± 0.968), such tigers Panthera tigris ) leopards pardus ), well number humans detected βhuman 1.428 1.216) canopy cover percentage βcc 1.002 0.737). However, livestock shows negative interaction βlivestock −2.240 1.467). There was insignificant distance settlements, roads, water bodies. These findings underscore complex dynamics bears, humans, predators, landscapes. To ensure long‐term survival populations promote conservation, strategies account socio‐economic essential.

Language: Английский

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Effects of anthropogenic and ecological factors on Himalayan goral in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal

Global Ecology and Conservation, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 46, P. e02562 - e02562

Published: June 29, 2023

The Himalayan goral (Naemorhedus goral) is facing threats, such as habitat degradation and human disturbances, which are increasing. To aid their conservation, it crucial to understand the anthropogenic ecological factors that influence occurrence. We conducted a study in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal using remote cameras detect gorals during late winter (March 2022) spring (May 2022). were more likely be detected (p = 0.53 ± 0.11) compared 0.39 effects of on varied between these periods. During winter, distance nearest settlement (βsettlement 1.91 1.08) number other wild ungulates (βungulates 2.93 1.18) had positive effect In contrast, only ungulate detections 3.33 1.24) impact occupancy spring. livestock carnivores each season did not occupancy. Our results highlight importance considering variables understanding distribution inform species conservation strategies.

Language: Английский

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