Ranavirus Ecology: From Individual Infections to Population Epidemiology to Community Impacts DOI Creative Commons
Jesse L. Brunner, Andrew Storfer, Emily H. Le Sage

et al.

Published: Oct. 11, 2024

Abstract While ranaviruses were initially a focus of scientific study primarily among virologists, the continued and growing interest in them stems largely from their impacts on host populations communities. Here, we present an overview what is known ranavirus ecology individual hosts (e.g., many factors that influence likelihood outcome infections), communities transmission, persistence, causes such varied outcomes epidemics), across landscapes, with how processes or at one level might scale up to next level. Throughout chapter, also highlight important unanswered questions research challenges opportunities.

Language: Английский

Testing the Population‐Level Effects of Stress‐Induced Susceptibility in the Ranavirus–Wood Frog System DOI Creative Commons
Jesse L. Brunner, Nicole C. Dahrouge, Erica J. Crespi

et al.

Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Chronic exposure to physical, chemical, and biotic stressors can make animals more susceptible infections. Such stress‐induced susceptibility is widely expected disease—and epidemics—more likely severe. However, whether the impacts of on individuals scale up population‐level outcomes uncertain, both theoretically empirically. We initiated ranavirus epidemics in replicate mesocosm populations larval wood frogs ( Lithobates sylvaticus ) exposed conditions known impact their individual infections: low high salinity crossed factorially with ambient or elevated temperatures. Contrary expectations, were no severe stressful conditions, although increased temperatures did speed progression. discuss several potential reasons why effects not epidemics, but our results suggest caution assuming individual‐level even well‐studied necessarily simply outcomes.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Systematic review of modelling assumptions and empirical evidence: Does parasite transmission increase nonlinearly with host density? DOI Creative Commons
Skylar Hopkins, Arietta Fleming-Davies, Lisa K. Belden

et al.

Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11(4), P. 476 - 486

Published: Jan. 30, 2020

Abstract Host–parasite dynamics are impacted by the relationship between host density and parasite transmission, thus, all epidemiological models contain a central transmission–density function. Recent theoretical work demonstrates that this transmission function might be best represented nonlinear continuum from one linear extreme to another: density‐dependent at low densities density‐independent high densities. But how often functions used, when they better describing in real host–parasite systems? To quantify existing modelling practices, we systematically reviewed seven representative ecology journals, finding 262 studies containing contained and/or functions. We also literature find 28 experimental observational compared multiple systems, tallied which were supported those systems. Finally, created flexible model simulation tool explore bias parameter estimates is using an inaccurate found most reported outperformed simple functions, supporting recent work. In contrast, assumed was constant used single, explain rates changed with density. Using wrong underlying even slightly can substantially estimates, as demonstrated our simulations over broad space. Some may systems where more appropriate. If true, these would yield biased estimates. avoid such biases compromise ecological understanding prediction, recommend future compare including options, whenever possible.

Language: Английский

Citations

67
Resistance, tolerance and environmental transmission dynamics determine host extinction risk in a load‐dependent amphibian disease DOI Creative Commons
M. Wilber, Roland A. Knapp,

Mary Toothman

et al.

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 20(9), P. 1169 - 1181

Published: July 25, 2017

Abstract While disease‐induced extinction is generally considered rare, a number of recently emerging infectious diseases with load‐dependent pathology have led to in wildlife populations. Transmission critical factor affecting extinction, but the relative importance transmission compared host resistance and tolerance currently unknown. Using combination models experiments on an amphibian species suffering extirpations from fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), we show that while environmental Bd reservoir increased ability invade population risk population, Bd‐induced dynamics were far more sensitive than transmission. We demonstrate this general result for pathogens, where non‐linear functions can interact such small changes these lead drastic dynamics.

Language: Английский

Citations

57
Effects of Emerging Infectious Diseases on Amphibians: A Review of Experimental Studies DOI Creative Commons

Andrew R. Blaustein,

Jenny Urbina, Paul W. Snyder

et al.

Diversity, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 10(3), P. 81 - 81

Published: Aug. 4, 2018

Numerous factors are contributing to the loss of biodiversity. These include complex effects multiple abiotic and biotic stressors that may drive population losses. losses especially illustrated by amphibians, whose populations declining worldwide. The causes amphibian declines multifaceted context-dependent. One major factor affecting is emerging infectious disease. Several pathogens their associated diseases significant contributors declines. fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis B. salamandrivorans, ranaviruses. In this review, we assess these three on hosts as found through experimental studies. Such studies offer valuable insights causal underpinning broad patterns reported observational We summarize key findings from in laboratory, mesocosms, field. also experiments explore interactive with other Though well-designed critical for understanding impacts disease, inconsistencies methodologies limit our ability form comparisons conclusions. Studies focus show host susceptibility varies such species, age, life history stage, (e.g., presence competitors, predators) conditions temperature, contaminants), well strain dose pathogen, which exposed. Our suggest importance implementing standard protocols reporting

Language: Английский

Citations

56
The human-snail transmission environment shapes long term schistosomiasis control outcomes: Implications for improving the accuracy of predictive modeling DOI Creative Commons
David Gurarie, Nathan C. Lo, Martial L. Ndeffo-Mbah

et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. e0006514 - e0006514

Published: May 21, 2018

Introduction Schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitic trematode disease that affects over 240 million people worldwide. The Schistosoma lifecycle complex, involving transmission via specific intermediate-host freshwater snails. Predictive mathematical models of have often chosen to simplify or ignore the details environmental human-snail interaction in their analyses. Schistosome now aim provide better precision for policy planning elimination transmission. This heightens importance including complexity vector-pathogen order make more accurate projections. Methodology and principal findings We propose nonlinear snail force infection (FOI) takes into account an intermediate larval stage (miracidium) biology. focused, particular, on effects impact mass drug administration (MDA) human communities. proposed (modified) model was compared conventional terms predictions. A longitudinal dataset generated Kenya field studies used calibration validation. For each sample community, we calibrated modified systems, then them outcomes range MDA regimens. In most cases, predicted vigorous post-MDA rebound, with faster relapse baseline levels infection. effect pronounced higher risk When observed data, only system able successfully predict persistent rebound Conclusion significance varying location-specific inputs sheds light diverse response patterns noted operational research schistosomiasis control, such as recent SCORE project. Efficiency human-to-snail likely be much than by standard models, which, practice, will local implementation alone highly unlikely, even multi-decade period.

Language: Английский

Citations

46
Seasonal dynamics and potential drivers of ranavirus epidemics in wood frog populations DOI

Emily M. Hall,

Caren Goldberg, Jesse L. Brunner

et al.

Oecologia, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 188(4), P. 1253 - 1262

Published: Oct. 22, 2018

Language: Английский

Citations

46
A highly invasive chimeric ranavirus can decimate tadpole populations rapidly through multiple transmission pathways DOI Creative Commons
Angela Peace, Suzanne M. O’Regan,

Jennifer A. Spatz

et al.

Ecological Modelling, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 410, P. 108777 - 108777

Published: Aug. 14, 2019

Language: Английский

Citations

26
Interspecific host competition and parasite virulence evolution DOI
Adam Z. Hasik, Kayla C. King, Hadas Hawlena

et al.

Biology Letters, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 19(5)

Published: May 1, 2023

Virulence, the harm to hosts caused by parasite infection, can be selected for several ecological factors acting synergistically or antagonistically. Here, we focus on potential interspecific host competition shape virulence through such a network of effects. We first summarize how natural mortality, body mass changes, population density and community diversity affect evolution. then introduce an initial conceptual framework highlighting these factors, which change during competition, may drive evolution via impacts life-history trade-offs. argue that multi-faceted nature both still requires consideration experimentation disentangle contrasting mechanisms. It also necessitates differential treatment parasites with various transmission strategies. However, comprehensive approach focusing role is essential understand processes driving in tangled bank.

Language: Английский

Citations

9
Functional variation at an expressed MHC class IIβ locus associates with Ranavirus infection intensity in larval anuran populations DOI
Anna E. Savage, Carly R. Muletz‐Wolz, Evan H. Campbell Grant

et al.

Immunogenetics, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 71(4), P. 335 - 346

Published: Feb. 13, 2019

Language: Английский

Citations

23
Frequency‐dependent transmission ofBatrachochytrium salamandrivoransin eastern newts DOI Creative Commons

Adrianna Tompros,

Andrew Dean, Andy Fenton

et al.

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 69(2), P. 731 - 741

Published: Feb. 22, 2021

Transmission is the fundamental process whereby pathogens infect their hosts and spread through populations, can be characterized using mathematical functions. The functional form of transmission for emerging determine pathogen impacts on host populations inform efficacy disease management strategies. By directly measuring between infected susceptible adult eastern newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) in aquatic mesocosms, we identified most plausible function amphibian fungal Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). Although considered a range possible functions, found that Bsal was best explained by pure frequency dependence. We observed >90% became within 17 days post-exposure to an newt across densities initial infection prevalence treatments. Under these conditions, estimated R0 = 4.9 population. Our results suggest has capability driving extinction managing density may not effective strategy. Intervention strategies prevent introduction or increase resistance tolerance more effective. add growing empirical evidence wildlife saturate functionally frequency-dependent.

Language: Английский

Citations

19