Plant Strategies

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 27, 2023

Abstract Plants have evolved a remarkable array of adaptive solutions to the existential problem survival and reproduction in world where disturbances can be deadly, resources are scarce, competition is cutthroat. inherited phenotypic traits that increased their chance success, these indicators strategies for establishment survival. A plant strategy thought as “how species sustains population” (Westoby, 1998, p. 214) because all successful must positive demographic outcomes habitats which they adapted. This book aims articulate coherent framework studying unifies demography with functional ecology advance prediction ecology. Central this traits: heritable morphological, physiological, phenological attributes plants influence therefore drive fitness differences among species.

Language: Английский

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Coexistence in spatiotemporally fluctuating environments

Theoretical Ecology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(2), P. 59 - 92

Published: April 22, 2023

Abstract Ecologists have put forward many explanations for coexistence, but these are only partial ; nature is complex, so it reasonable to assume that in any given ecological community, multiple mechanisms of coexistence operating at the same time. Here, we present a methodology quantifying relative importance different based on an extension Modern Coexistence Theory . Current versions allow analysis communities affected by spatial or temporal environmental variation, not both. We show how analyze with spatiotemporal fluctuations, parse variation and measure everything either mathematical expressions simulation experiments. Our shows more species can coexist than originally thought. More importantly, allows empiricists use realistic models data better infer real communities.

Language: Английский

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Towards a heuristic understanding of the storage effect

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 25(11), P. 2347 - 2358

Published: Oct. 1, 2022

Abstract The storage effect is a general explanation for coexistence in variable environment. Unfortunately, the poorly understood, part because generality of precludes an interpretation that simultaneously simple, intuitive and correct. Here, we explicate by dividing one its key conditions—covariance between environment competition—into two pieces, namely there must be strong causal relationship competition, effects do not change too quickly. This finer‐grained definition can explain number previous results, including (1) promotes annual plant when germination rate fluctuates, but seed yield (2) more likely to induced resource competition than apparent (3) why arises readily models with either stage structure or environmental autocorrelation. Additionally, our expanded suggests novel mechanisms which temporal arise—transgenerational plasticity chains variables—thus suggesting common phenomenon previously thought.

Language: Английский

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Positive effects of exotic species dampened by neighborhood heterogeneity

Ecology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 103(10)

Published: June 3, 2022

Abstract It is well known that species interactions between exotic and native are important for determining the success of biological invasions how influential become in invaded communities. The strength type can substantially vary, however, from negative detrimental to minimal or even positive. Increasing evidence literature shows have positive with more often than originally thought. Gaps our theory population growth limited when positive, restrict understanding mechanisms by which “facilitators” contribute diversity maintenance systems. Here, we quantified seven four (established nonnative) common annual plant highly diverse, York Gum woodlands Western Australia. We used a Bayesian demographic modeling approach allowed interaction coefficients be negative, explored key sources variation responses neighbors at per capita (individual) neighborhood levels. observed effects on focal as several species. However, all were, average, inhibited their neighborhood, variance identity abundance was considered. At scale, were found suppress species, particularly those high intrinsic fecundity. Our study demonstrates within‐neighborhood heterogeneity regulate invaders, limiting runaway both natives invaders.

Language: Английский

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Individual vital rates respond differently to local‐scale environmental variation and neighbour removal

Journal of Ecology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 112(6), P. 1369 - 1382

Published: April 12, 2024

Abstract Understanding how plant fitness varies along natural gradients is critical for predicting responses to environmental change. However, individual vital rates are often used as proxies without knowing other vary the same gradients. We investigated canopy cover, plant–plant interactions, water availability and soil properties influenced emergence, survival, seed production population growth of eight annual species in semi‐arid Western Australia. sowed seeds into sun‐exposed shaded blocks across a reserve, removed all neighbouring plants from half interaction neighbourhoods, rainout shelters reduce increase precipitation relative ambient plots. Canopy cover had strong negative effects on but few direct impacts rates. Direct competitive survival were rare, although evident rate 3/8 species. Competition was stronger open than plots also interacted with watering treatment influence species, alone species' found only positive significant correlations between pairs rates, far more frequently correlated emergence. Synthesis . Our study illustrates that can respond local‐scale variation different ways likely not driven by life history trade‐offs. caution against using emergence proxy emphasise no single reliable overall. Interactions among abiotic biotic factors important drivers some highlighting need account interactions when

Language: Английский

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Environmental context, parameter sensitivity, and structural sensitivity impact predictions of annual‐plant coexistence

Ecological Monographs, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 93(4)

Published: Sept. 9, 2023

Abstract Predicting the outcome of interactions between species is central to our current understanding diversity maintenance. However, we have limited information about robustness many model‐based predictions coexistence. This limitation partly because several sources uncertainty are often ignored when making predictions. Here, introduce a framework simultaneously explore how different mathematical models, environmental contexts, and parameter impact probability predicting Using set pairwise competition experiments on annual plants, provide direct evidence that subtle differences models lead contrasting both coexistence competitive exclusion. We also show effects context dependency not independent model used describe population dynamics. Our work suggests extrapolations thereof may be particularly vulnerable these underappreciated founts uncertainty.

Language: Английский

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Environmental context, parameter sensitivity and structural sensitivity impact predictions of annual-plant coexistence

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 14, 2023

Abstract Predicting the outcome of interactions between species is central to our current understanding diversity maintenance. However, we have limited information about robustness many model-based predictions coexistence. This limitation partly because several sources uncertainty are often ignored when making predictions. Here, introduce a framework simultaneously explore how different mathematical models, environmental contexts, and parameter impact probability predicting Using set pairwise competition experiments on annual plants, provide direct evidence that subtle differences models lead contrasting both coexistence competitive exclusion. We also show effects context-dependency not independent model used describe population dynamics. Our work suggests extrapolations thereof may be particularly vulnerable these underappreciated founts uncertainty.

Language: Английский

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Environmental heterogeneity promotes coexistence among plant life-history strategies through stabilizing mechanisms in space and time

Basic and Applied Ecology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 71, P. 45 - 56

Published: May 19, 2023

Spatiotemporal environmental heterogeneity can promote species coexistence through stabilizing mechanisms such as the storage effect. These require low density advantages and species-specific responses to heterogeneity. Theory based on organisms, which are short-lived capitalize beneficial patches instantaneously, suggests that in presence of spatiotemporal heterogeneity, should arise more commonly space than time. We used an individual-based model investigate if soil water promotes stable among annual perennial plant life-history strategies, functional traits explain requirements. Scenarios explicitly differed resource benefits offered by range simulate Our results show promoted solely strategies. Perennial life form delayed population resulted decoupling strategies time well space. Recovery from could be explained a combination one classical trait stores effects favorable conditions (longevity) and, unexpectedly, fast acquisition strategy evidenced high adult growth rate short-term dormancy. Life-history strategy-specific emerged differences seedling competitive ability seed dispersal distance alone or, additionally, hydrological niche. Interestingly, functionally only coexisted irrespective whether they experienced difference themselves or with experiencing this difference. single abiotic factor mechanisms. study highlights need across different better understand effectiveness dimensions promoting coexistence.

Language: Английский

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Plant Functional Traits and the Multidimensional Phenotype

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 159 - 212

Published: July 27, 2023

Abstract Modules are the basic architectural building blocks of a plant. Roots anchor plants in place, provide support for growing stems, acquire water and mineral nutrients from soil, transport minerals to aboveground tissues. Clonality bud banks neglected aspect plant form function. Stems canopies leaves branches, store water, minerals, carbohydrates. Leaves face fundamental constraint: they must lose gain carbon. The leaf economics spectrum describes trade-off between rate carbon fixation cost tissue construction. Defining globally comparable phenological traits is an important unsolved problem. innovation seeds revolutionized reproduction because fertilization was no longer limited wet environments, it enabled young travel dormant state find more favorable opportunities colonization. Our understanding dimensionality functional rapidly growing, but at least five dimensions important: spectrum, height, rooting depth, belowground collaboration with fungi, seed-or-resprout spectrum. Evolution branching process species that close together on evolutionary tree likely share similar phenotypic closely related, especially when strongly conserved. However, phylogenetic conservatism not only explanation trait similarity among related natural selection can also explain it.

Language: Английский

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Methods for calculating coexistence mechanisms: beyond scaling factors

Oikos, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 2022(12)

Published: Oct. 21, 2022

How do species coexist? A framework known as modern coexistence theory can ‘measure coexistence' by partitioning invasion growth rates into mechanisms, terms which correspond to classes of explanations for coexistence. There are several reasonable ways define each depending on exactly how a perturbed low density (the invader) is compared other that remain at their typical densities residents). Using conceptual arguments and two case studies, we compare five methods calculating mechanisms: 1) scaling factors, the traditional approach attempts eliminate linear effects regulating factors; 2) simple comparison, gives equal weight all resident species; 3) generation time scaling, novel method corrects intrinsic differences in population‐dynamical speed; 4) β where scaled measure relative sensitivity competition; 5) invader–invader previously obscure focal itself high versus density. We find conventional factors lead nonsensical results when have strong asymmetric niche differences; though be useful certain theoretical they not recommended explaining real communities. Invader–invader comparisons also problematic, effectively specialization or differentiation. The universally‐applicable comparison often works well, but give counterintuitive disparate times. well models, faces implementation problems complex models. tentatively recommend all‐purpose mechanisms.

Language: Английский

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